Deck 44: Plant Anatomy and Nutrient Transport

Question 1

Plant cells that are actively dividing are _________cells.

A) conducting
B) vascular
C) meristem
D) differentiated
E) ground

Answer 1

meristem

Question 2

You discover a plant that has unusual fruit around the seed and leaves with parallel veins. In which of the two major groups of flowering plants does it belong, and why?

A) Neither monocot nor dicot, because it has fruits
B) Monocots, because it has parallel veins
C) Either monocot or dicot, depending on the presence or absence of flowers
D) Dicots, because it has fruit around the seed

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What cell type permits the continued growth of a plant throughout its life?

A) Secondary cells
B) Ground tissue cells
C) Meristem cells
D) Mesophyll cells
E) Differentiated cells

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Increases in plant length (such as overall height or branch and root length) result from cell division that occurs

A) only in apical meristems at shoot and root tips.
B) equally throughout the plant body.
C) only from lateral meristems.
D) from cell division of differentiated cells.

Question 5

What would you expect to be missing in a plant that exhibits primary growth but not secondary growth?

A) An elongated stem
B) An expanded root system
C) Flowers
D) Vascular tissue
E) Thick woody branches

Question 6

Which of the following characteristics helps differentiate between a monocot and a dicot?

A) Number of flower parts
B) Presence or absence of an apical meristem
C) Presence or absence of pollen grains
D) Seeds covered by a fruit
E) Presence of vascular tissue

Question 7

All of the following are major functions of roots EXCEPT

A) interacting with soil fungi.
B) carrying out photosynthesis.
C) transporting water and minerals.
D) producing hormones.
E) storing excess sugars.

Question 8

You are NOT likely to find a nucleus in

A) parenchyma cells.
B) companion cells.
C) collenchyma cells.
D) sclerenchyma cells.
E) cells of a carrot root.

Question 9

Which of these tissue types is (are) found throughout young plant bodies?

A) Epidermis, xylem, and phloem
B) Epidermis only
C) Xylem and phloem
D) Epidermis and periderm
E) Periderm only

Question 10

You have been asked by your instructor to go to the greenhouse and select a plant that exhibits secondary growth. Which of the following plants would you choose?

A) Strawberry
B) Daffodil
C) Bermuda grass
D) Rose bush
E) Pansy

Question 11

The dermal tissue system consists of

A) collenchyma tissue.
B) parenchyma tissue.
C) phloem.
D) xylem.
E) epidermis.

Question 12

What type of cell activity occurs in the meristem regions of plants?

A) Photosynthesis
B) Mitosis
C) Storage of sugar
D) Increased water uptake of cells
E) Secondary growth

Question 13

Most flowering plants grow throughout their lives. This type of growth is known as

A) indeterminate growth.
B) primary growth.
C) exponential growth.
D) determinate growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 14

Cells that are alive, have thickened cell walls, and support the plant body are

A) parenchyma cells.
B) vessel elements.
C) collenchyma cells.
D) sclerenchyma cells.
E) tracheids.

Question 15

Water-conducting cells that have a small diameter and tapered ends are called

A) collenchyma cells.
B) tracheids.
C) companion cells.
D) sieve-tube elements.
E) vessel elements.

Question 16

Where are apical meristems located?

A) Scattered throughout the plant
B) At the tips of roots, shoots, and branches
C) Between the xylem and the phloem
D) In cylinders along the side of the root
E) In clusters in the parenchyma

Question 17

_________cells that convert sugar to starch in mature roots are part of the_________ tissue system.

A) Periderm; dermal
B) Phloem; vascular
C) Xylem; vascular
D) Companion; ground
E) Parenchyma; ground

Question 18

Which of the following is a common function of stems but NOT of roots?

A) Support
B) Absorption
C) Storage
D) Anchorage

Question 19

You are examining a rigid plant tissue; it does not flex or bend. Tests show that it is not consuming oxygen gas, as would be expected if aerobic respiration were occurring. This tissue is probably

A) collenchyma.
B) phloem.
C) sclerenchyma.
D) epidermis.
E) parenchyma.

Question 20

As a 7-year-old child, you helped your father nail a birdhouse 7 feet high on a 10 -foot-tall maple tree. If the tree grew an average of 12 inches per year, except during a dry year when it grew only 2 inches, how high in the tree is the birdhouse when you are 18 years old?

A) 17 feet, 2 inches
B) 19 feet
C) 10 feet
D) 7 feet
E) 17 feet

Question 21

Which of the following statements is incorrect with regard to xylem tissue?

A) Xylem cells are dead at maturity.
B) Companion cells provide nutrition for tracheids.
C) Water and minerals are transported by xylem.
D) Xylem is composed of tracheids and vessel elements.
E) Vessel elements contain pits.

Question 22

Parenchyma cells are located in all of the following structures EXCEPT the

A) cuticle.
B) vascular tissues.
C) pith.
D) mesophyll.
E) cortex.

Question 23

Most conifers have only tracheids. Which structural feature allows water and minerals to pass from one tracheid to the next?

A) Sieve plates
B) Secondary cell walls
C) Stomata
D) Plasmodesmata
E) Pits

Question 24

Most of the interior of a leaf consists of soft, thin -walled, living _________cells.

A) guard
B) collenchyma
C) sclerenchyma
D) epidermal
E) parenchyma

Question 25

What type of tissue transports sugars (the product of photosynthesis) throughout the plant?

A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Collenchyma
D) Endodermis
E) Parenchyma

Question 26

An onion bulb is made up of_________ that are specially adapted for food and water storage.

A) roots
B) branches
C) flowers
D) leaves
E) stems

Question 27

Which of these plant cells is alive but has no nucleus?

A) Collenchyma cell
B) Vessel element
C) Sieve-tube element
D) Companion cell
E) Parenchyma cell

Question 28

The formation of sieve plates between phloem sieve-tube elements allows

A) water to transpire from each surface.
B) mesophyll cells to connect with xylem cells.
C) the dead phloem cells to form an empty tube.
D) each cell to function independently.
E) adjacent cells to connect via membrane-lined pores.

Question 29

Parenchyma tissue is a component of the_________ tissue system.

A) dermal
B) ground
C) epidermal
D) vascular
E) phloem

Question 30

In a dicot stem, the_________ is between the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

A) apical meristem
B) pith
C) xylem
D) phloem
E) cork

Question 31

Which of these tissue types makes up most of the ground tissue system?

A) Sclerenchyma
B) Xylem
C) Collenchyma
D) Parenchyma
E) Periderm

Question 32

How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?

A) CO₂ passes through openings called stomata on the leaf surface.
B) Dissolved CO₂ is transported from roots to leaves in the xylem.
C) CO₂ is moved by active transport into the leaf by special cells called guard cells.
D) Atmospheric pressure forces CO₂ through pits on the leaf surface.
E) CO2 diffuses through the epidermis into the mesophyll.

Question 33

Because most of the trunk of a tree is made of xylem, it is safe to say that most of the tissue in a tree is

A) manufacturing sugars.
B) conducting sugars.
C) used for storage.
D) dead.
E) dividing rapidly.

Question 34

In the stems of plants, where is sugar converted to starch and stored as a food reserve?

A) Central vascular cylinder
B) Sclerenchyma
C) Parenchyma cells in both the cortex and pith
D) Collenchyma associated with xylem cells
E) Mesophyll layer

Question 35

In vascular plants, sugar solutions and hormones are transported through tubes constructed of cells called

A) tracheids.
B) sieve-tube elements.
C) plasmodesmata.
D) companion cells.
E) vessels elements.

Question 36

All the following are true of companion cells EXCEPT that they

A) are connected to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata.
B) cooperate with sieve-tube elements in conducting sugar-rich solutions.
C) supply materials to repair the plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements.
D) fuse together to form the sieve plates of sieve-tube elements.
E) provide proteins and ATP to sieve-tube elements.

Question 37

Periderm consists of mostly

A) undifferentiated cells.
B) endodermis.
C) cork cells.
D) lateral meristem.
E) epidermis.

Question 38

Of the major tissue systems associated with land plants, the_________ tissue system covers the outer surface of the primary plant.

A) vascular
B) ground
C) parenchyma
D) dermal
E) meristem

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true of sclerenchyma tissue?

A) It dies at maturity.
B) It is a storage site for sugars and starches.
C) It provides support to strengthen the plant.
D) It is made up of cells with thickened cell walls.
E) It is associated with xylem and phloem in the vascular tissue system.

Question 40

Which of the following would you be unable to locate in xylem tissue?

A) Sclerenchyma cells
B) Vessel elements
C) Sieve tube elements
D) Tracheids
E) Cell walls with porous dimples called pits

Question 41

The location of the pericycle is best described as

A) between layers of primary xylem and primary phloem.
B) a band wrapped around cells of the endodermis.
C) the outermost layer of the root vascular cylinder.
D) just beneath the epidermis.
E) adjacent to the shoot apical meristem.

Question 42

You discovered an unidentified weed and cut it almost to the ground with the lawn mower. Soon it grows as tall as it was before you cut it. This growth is likely due to which growth region?

A) Root apical meristem
B) Cork cambium
C) Shoot apical meristem
D) Vascular cambium
E) Lateral bud meristem

Question 43

Diffusion doesnʹt require energy. Why do plants expend energy to actively transport minerals into root hairs?

A) Mineral concentrations in the soil are too high for diffusion.
B) Minerals are too large for diffusion.
C) Minerals are strongly attracted to soil particles.
D) Mineral concentrations in the soil are too low for diffusion.

Question 44

Under the influence of hormones, branch roots emerge from the _________of a growing root.

A) endodermis
B) pericycle
C) Casparian strip
D) central cylinder
E) epidermis

Question 45

Root hairs develop from the

A) epidermis.
B) cortex.
C) Casparian strip.
D) endodermis.
E) pericycle.

Question 46

Which of these pathways best summarizes the route of a mineral that is absorbed by a plant?

A) Root hairs → endodermis → cortex → pericycle → xylem
B) Root hairs → pericycle → endodermis → endodermis → cortex → xylem
C) Root hairs → cortex → epidermis → phloem → xylem
D) Root hairs → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem
E) Root hairs → epidermis → endodermis → cortex → xylem

Question 47

Which of the following is the correct order of the tissues in a young dicot stem, from the center of the stem outward?

A) Cortex → xylem → vascular cambium → phloem → pith → epidermis
B) Cortex → vascular cambium → xylem → phloem → epidermis → pith
C) Pith → phloem → cortex → xylem → vascular cambium → epidermis
D) Pith → cortex → phloem → xylem → vascular cambium → epidermis
E) Pith → xylem → vascular cambium → phloem → cortex → epidermis

Question 48

Water and minerals are mainly absorbed from the soil through the

A) apical meristem.
B) root hairs.
C) pericycle.
D) epidermis of large woody roots.
E) root cap.

Question 49

All of the following are part of a plantʹs shoot system EXCEPT

A) leaves.
B) flowers.
C) mycorrhizae.
D) stem.
E) buds.

Question 50

What are plasmodesmata?

A) Organelles that manufacture ATP in roots
B) Transport channels for sugars
C) Pores that connect the cytosol of neighboring cells
D) Root hairs that are adapted for mineral transport
E) Nutrients that can be used only by plants

Question 51

Which of the following makes up most of an old tree trunk?

A) Vascular cambium
B) Primary xylem
C) Secondary xylem
D) Primary phloem
E) Secondary phloem

Question 52

If a beaver eats the bark all the way around a tree trunk (a process called ʺgirdlingʺ), why does the tree die?

A) Cells of the lateral meristem can no longer divide.
B) Water and minerals are no longer supplied to the leaves.
C) The phloem is damaged, and the transport of sugars ceases.
D) The tree cannot continue to photosynthesize.
E) The tree is susceptible to insect and fungal diseases.

Question 53

On the tip of the root, the apical meristem forms the_________ , which prevents the meristem from being worn away as it pushes through the soil.

A) cortex
B) endodermis
C) epidermis
D) root cap
E) pericycle

Question 54

If a treeʹs heartwood rots out, the tree will

A) not survive because the active xylem is destroyed.
B) replace the heartwood with sapwood to compensate for the damaged tissue.
C) not survive because the active phloem is destroyed.
D) be weaker than normal and more likely to blow over in a storm.

Question 55

Examination of a woody stem reveals that some tissues are dead at maturity. These dead tissues are

A) vascular cambium and primary phloem.
B) primary phloem and periderm.
C) secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
D) sapwood and bark.
E) cork and heartwood.

Question 56

Many root epidermal cells grow projections called _________, which extend from their surface and help in the absorption of water and minerals.

A) rhizomes
B) villi
C) cilia
D) root hairs
E) rhizoids

Question 57

Which of these tissues is between the epidermis and a vascular bundle in a young dicot stem?

A) Pith
B) Cortex
C) Phloem
D) Xylem
E) Cork

Question 58

As an oak tree ages, the trunk becomes thicker and woodier due to _________growth.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) determinate
D) tertiary
E) apical meristem

Question 59

Most of a carrot, which is adapted for carbohydrate storage, is

A) cortex.
B) pericycle.
C) xylem.
D) phloem.
E) endodermis.

Question 60

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant

A) seeds.
B) roots.
C) leaves.
D) stems.
E) flowers.

Question 61

Which essential plant nutrient regulates the opening and closing of pores in the leaves?

A) Copper
B) Potassium
C) Phosphorus
D) Calcium
E) Iron

Question 62

Trees are among the largest and oldest living things on Earth. Like all life on Earth, the majority of a treeʹs biomass is carbon based. What is the source of this carbon?

A) Fertilizers
B) Crushed rock and water
C) Air
D) Water
E) The organic layer of the soil

Question 63

During the spring, newly emerging leaves are sugar___________ and tree roots are sugar ___________.

A) sinks; sinks
B) sinks; sources
C) sources; sources
D) sources; sinks

Question 64

Ground tissue is found in the primary plant only, never in the secondary plant.

Question 65

Which of the following bonds explains the cohesion of water molecules in the cohesion-tension mechanism?

A) Peptide
B) Hydrogen
C) Disulfide
D) Covalent
E) Ionic

Question 66

Mycorrhizae are

A) commensal relationships between a fungus and the leaves of a land plant.
B) symbiotic relationships between bacteria and the roots of a land plant.
C) mutualistic relationships between a fungus and an alga.
D) parasitic relationships between bacteria and the roots of a land plant.
E) symbiotic relationships between a fungus and the roots of a land plant.

Question 67

The___________ mechanism explains the movement of water and minerals through xylem.

A) bulk-flow
B) pressure-flow
C) assisted diffusion
D) translocation
E) cohesion-tension

Question 68

A plant, by opening and closing its stomata, must achieve a balance between

A) water loss and carbon dioxide uptake.
B) oxygen loss and water uptake.
C) carbon dioxide uptake and oxygen loss.
D) carbon dioxide loss and sugar uptake.
E) sugar loss and oxygen uptake.

Question 69

An opening in the epidermis of the leaf through which water evaporates is called a

A) guard cell.
B) pit.
C) stoma.
D) sieve plate.
E) plasmodesmata.

Question 70

The most widely accepted explanation for the transport of sugar-containing fluids in phloem is the ___________mechanism.

A) cohesion-tension
B) root pressure
C) bulk flow
D) pressure-flow
E) transpiration

Question 71

Water loss through the stomata of leaves is called

A) transpiration.
B) translocation.
C) bulk flow.
D) osmosis.
E) guttation.

Question 72

Which of these organisms helped biologists determine the contents of phloem?

A) Aphids
B) Grasshoppers
C) Ants
D) Termites
E) Leafhoppers

Question 73

Bacteria-containing nodules in the roots of legume plants aid in the utilization of

A) trace elements.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) nitrogen.
D) phosphates.
E) water.

Question 74

Why canʹt plants use N2 directly as a nutrient?

A) N2 diffuses out of leaves as quickly as it diffuses in, so it has to be ʺfixedʺ to remain in leaves.
B) Plants lack the enzymes necessary to convert N2 into NO3−or NH4+.
C) Most soils are depleted of N2 as a nutrient.
D) Plants must use NO3− to carry out nitrogen fixation.
E) The N2 molecule is too large to enter the stomata.

Question 75

What would happen if Casparian strips were not present and water and minerals could pass between endodermal cells of the plant root rather than through endodermal cells?

A) The minerals would enter the conduction vessels of the vascular cylinder much more rapidly.
B) An increased concentration gradient of the minerals in the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder would be better maintained.
C) Minerals would leak back out of the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder as fast as they were pumped into it.
D) Root hairs would lose their ability to take up minerals.
E) Too much energy would be needed to move the minerals between endodermal cells.

Question 76

The concentration of nutrients in plants is approximately the same as the concentration of nutrients in the surrounding soil.

Question 77

What cellular feature allows a mineral such as manganese to diffuse from cell to cell after being taken up by roots?

A) Microtubules
B) Plasmodesmata
C) Secondary cell walls
D) Microfilaments
E) Sieve plates

Question 78

With regard to the cohesion-tension mechanism, ʺcohesionʺ refers to the

A) tendency of water molecules to be attracted to minerals in the water.
B) evaporation of water from the stomata of the leaf.
C) process of osmosis that pulls water into the root.
D) attraction of water molecules for one another.
E) use of water in photosynthesis, resulting in a shortage of water in the leaf.

Question 79

In summer, when plant roots are converting sugar to store as starch, the root is the sugar___________ and the leaves are the sugar ___________.

A) sink; sink
B) sink; source
C) sink; source or sink
D) source; source
E) source; sink

Question 80

When potassium ions are transported into guard cells, water

A) is actively transported into the guard cells.
B) enters the guard cells by osmosis.
C) leaves the guard cells by osmosis.
D) is actively transported out of the guard cells.
E) moves to the edge of the guard cell.