Deck 45: Plant Reproduction and Development

Question 1

__________results in the production of spores in flowering plants.

A) Fertilization
B) Meiosis
C) Germination
D) Spermatogenesis
E) Mitosis

Answer 1

Meiosis

Question 2

If you see moss near the base of a tree in your yard, the green leafy moss plants are

A) spores.
B) gametophytes.
C) zygotes.
D) gametes.
E) sporophytes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

During a late-summer walk through a park, you notice a tree that has remnants of many flowers but no fruits or seeds developing. There are no other trees like this one in the area. What could explain this occurrence?

A) It is a female tree, and there are no known male trees of the same species in the area.
B) It is a male tree with only male flowers that produce pollen, but no seed, and hence does not form fruit.
C) It is actually a gymnosperm, not an angiosperm.
D) It is a species that reproduces only by runners, not via fruits (or the seeds they contain).

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An oak tree is a

A) sporophyte.
B) zygote.
C) spore.
D) gametophyte.
E) gamete.

Question 5

In the fern life cycle, how do spores and gametes differ?

A) Gametes are produced by the sporophyte.
B) Meiotic cell division produces haploid spores; mitotic cell division produces haploid gametes.
C) Spores are produced mitotically; gametes are produced meiotically.
D) Gametes are diploid; spores are haploid.
E) Gametes are easily visible to the unaided eye; spores are not.

Question 6

Conifers do not have flowers to attract pollinators. Instead, fertilization occurs

A) via wind pollination.
B) when insects coated with pollen are trapped in the sticky resin.
C) as the sperm and egg unite inside the woody cone.
D) when the endosperm takes the place of the male gametes.
E) when birds transfer pollen in their droppings after eating the pine seeds.

Question 7

In general, the plant life cycle has evolved from__________ to __________.

A) dominant gamete; dominant gametophyte
B) dominant spore; dominant gamete
C) dominant gamete; dominant spore
D) dominant sporophyte; dominant gametophyte
E) dominant gametophyte; dominant sporophyte

Question 8

In flowering plants, the sperm does not have to swim to the egg. The sperm reaches the eggs by

A) wind pollination.
B) cell division within the spore case.
C) digestion of the seed coat.
D) a pollen tube.
E) burrowing through the embryo sac wall.

Question 9

The sporophyte produces

A) spores by meiosis.
B) gametes by meiosis.
C) gametes by mitosis, followed by meiosis.
D) spores by mitosis.
E) gametes by mitosis.

Question 10

Which of the following has a gametophyte that is an independent plant that dominates the life cycle and does NOT have a sporophyte that is an independent plant?

A) Moss
B) Fern
C) Pine
D) Rose

Question 11

Spores and gametes are both haploid reproductive cells. What is the difference between the two?

A) Gametes germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and spores carry out fertilization.
B) Spores germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
C) Spores are found only in plants that reproduce asexually, and gametes are found only in plants that reproduce sexually.
D) Spores fuse to form a diploid zygote that eventually becomes the sporophyte, gametes.

Question 12

In the alternation of generations, what is formed when a spore germinates?

A) A plant that produces spores when mature.
B) A haploid stage called the gametophyte.
C) An increased number of spores.
D) A plant that meiotically produces sex cells.
E) A haploid stage called the sporophyte.

Question 13

A pollen grain is actually the

A) primitive egg cell, which will develop into the embryo.
B) male gametophyte.
C) female gametophyte.
D) combination of male and female gametophytes.
E) megaspore mother cell.

Question 14

In the life cycle of a fern, the large fern plant that we normally see is the

A) zygote.
B) spore.
C) sporophyte.
D) gamete.
E) gametophyte.

Question 15

A plant, such as an iris, that reproduces asexually most of the time probably

A) is found in a changing environment.
B) produces offspring that move into new environments.
C) has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents.
D) lacks the ability to make flowers.
E) forms spores.

Question 16

The sexual life cycle of plants is described as alternation of generations because it alternates between

A) male plants and female plants.
B) sporophytes and gametophytes.
C) flowers and spores.
D) eggs and sperm.
E) reproductive plants and vegetative plants.

Question 17

Which of the following is ʺmaleʺ in the life cycle of angiosperms?

A) Endosperm
B) Megaspore mother cell
C) Seed cone
D) Embryo sac
E) Pollen grain

Question 18

Ferns and mosses mainly live in __________environments.

A) moist
B) desert
C) arid
D) sterile

Question 19

In general, plants have evolved from__________ to __________.

A) fruit; seedless
B) diploid; haploid life cycle
C) seed; seedless
D) seedless; seed
E) no fruit; no spores

Question 20

Angiosperms with wind-dispersed pollen include

A) pine trees.
B) roses.
C) mosses.
D) grasses.
E) ferns.

Question 21

The American holly tree requires a ?male? tree and a ?female? tree to produce red berries in the winter, which indicates that the male flowers lack __________and the female flowers lack__________ .

A) petals; ovules
B) carpels; stamens
C) sepals; anthers
D) anthers; stamens
E) petals; carpels

Question 22

A flowering plant produces pollen in the

A) stigma.
B) style.
C) fruit.
D) anther.
E) ovule.

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE for female reproductive structures in angiosperms?

A) The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style.
B) The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary.
C) The stamen includes the filament and pollen-producing anther.
D) The sepals are contained within the petals, which enclose the carpel.
E) The style, which is vase-shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther.

Question 24

An incomplete flower

A) lacks one or more of the four basic floral parts.
B) manufactures infertile pollen.
C) is incapable of self-fertilization.
D) remains in the bud stage and does not bloom.
E) produces sterile seeds.

Question 25

Which of the following undergoes meiosis during the development of pollen grains?

A) Microspore
B) Megaspore
C) Megaspore mother cell
D) Microspore mother cell
E) Generative nucleus

Question 26

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style.
B) When mature, the ovules will become seeds and the ovary will develop into a fruit.
C) The style, which is vase-shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther.
D) When mature, the stamen will become the seed and the stigma will become the fruit.
E) When mature, the carpel will become the seed and the anther will become the fruit.

Question 27

All of the following are included in the male parts of a flower EXCEPT

A) anthers.
B) pollen.
C) stamens.
D) ovules.

Question 28

Meiosis produces a__________ , which eventually gives rise to an egg in an unfertilized seed.

A) pollen tube
B) sporophyte
C) megaspore
D) sepal
E) microspore

Question 29

__________are modified leaves that are often green and surround the flower bud.

A) Stigma
B) Sepals
C) Ovules
D) Filaments
E) Petals

Question 30

The male gametophyte of flowering plants is produced by cell divisions within the

A) anther.
B) stigma.
C) carpel.
D) sepal.
E) filament.

Question 31

The female reproductive structure, the carpel, consists of

A) stamen, sepals, and filament.
B) sepals, petals, and ovary.
C) filament, anther, and pollen.
D) stigma, filament, and sepals.
E) stigma, style, and ovary.

Question 32

In the development of a plantʹs ovule, the result is a gametophyte made up of

A) eight haploid, uninucleate cells.
B) seven diploid cells and one haploid cell.
C) seven binucleate cells and one haploid cell.
D) seven cells: six haploid cells and one cell with two nuclei.

Question 33

What is the evolutionary significance of a flower that has large, brightly colored petals?

A) These flowers attract pollinators that are animals.
B) The wind is a significant factor in pollination, especially because of the large petals.
C) In general, these are aquatic plants, and water aids in their pollination, regardless of color and odor.
D) Such flowers produce only microspores or megaspores, not both.
E) Such plants are usually self-pollinators and do not rely on external factors for pollination.

Question 34

__________are modified leaves that are often brightly colored and scented to attract pollinators.

A) Filaments
B) Stigma
C) Petals
D) Sepals
E) Anthers

Question 35

All of these flower structures are modified leaves EXCEPT

A) sepals.
B) pollen.
C) petals.
D) carpels.
E) stamens.

Question 36

In flowering plants, the unfertilized ovule contains the

A) female gametophyte.
B) pollen grain.
C) embryo.
D) endosperm.
E) stigma.

Question 37

All of the following are processes that occur during angiosperm reproduction EXCEPT

A) the tube cell produces the pollen tube.
B) the generative cell forms two sperm cells via mitosis.
C) one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six -celled embryo sac.
D) the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores.
E) the microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.

Question 38

Grass flowers lack petals and sepals. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) They are imperfect flowers lacking stamen or carpals.
B) They are incomplete flowers lacking one or more floral parts.
C) These flowers are pollinated at night, so they donʹt benefit from showy petals or sepals.
D) They are pollinated by flies, which donʹt require showy, scented petals.

Question 39

The male reproductive structure, the stamen, consists of

A) the stigma, style, and ovary.
B) a filament that bears an anther.
C) one or more sepals, the style, and one or more anthers.
D) a single sepal, four or more petals, and the entire carpel.
E) a carpel enclosed in the petals, then the sepals.

Question 40

Flowers that make pollen, but not ovules, lack

A) sepals.
B) carpels.
C) stamens.
D) filaments.
E) petals.

Question 41

In monocots, the shoot tip is protected by__________ , which eventually degenerate(s) once exposed to air.

A) the epicotyl
B) the coleoptile
C) cotyledons
D) a slime layer formed by the shoot cells
E) the hypocotyl

Question 42

In dicots, the shoot tip is protected by

A) a slime layer formed by the shoot cells.
B) a woody sheath around the epicotyl.
C) the hypocotyl hook.
D) the coleoptile.

Question 43

While walking along a riverbank after a swim, you step on a sharp fruit. When you pick it up, you notice that it rattles, which indicates there is an air pocket around the seeds. How is this fruit most likely dispersed?

A) Water
B) Wind
C) Being eaten by animals
D) Explosively propelled
E) Clinging to animals

Question 44

In many dicots, the first pair of leaves to emerge from the soil after seed germination is completely unlike all the rest of the leaves that form on that plant. In such plants, these leaves are

A) formed from the endosperm.
B) cotyledons, which have elongated and turned green.
C) made from the opening and greening of the coleoptile.
D) derived from the root, not the shoot.
E) made from the epicotyl hook.

Question 45

Endosperm has allowed the angiosperms to become the most numerous and diverse plant group. What is the role of the endosperm?

A) It is a type of male gamete.
B) It is the hard outer seed coat that protects the embryo.
C) It ejects and disperses seeds after they mature.
D) It is the ripened ovary tissue involved in seed dispersal and protection.
E) It provides nutrition for the developing embryo, therefore increasing survival rates.

Question 46

What are the results of double fertilization?

A) Embryo sac and pollen sac
B) Egg cell and sperm cell
C) Triploid endosperm and diploid zygote
D) A zygote and an embryo
E) Diploid zygote and diploid endosperm

Question 47

Yucca flowers are pollinated only by yucca moths, which lay their eggs in the flowerʹs ovary. This interaction ensures that the plant has seed for the next plant generation and that the moth larvae have a food source to develop. What is a potential disadvantage or vulnerability of this very specialized plant-animal interaction?

A) Pollination can occur only during the day, but the moths are most active at night.
B) The plant ovary may be consumed by the larvae, which would kill all the developing seeds.
C) Other moths that do not serve as pollinators may outcompete the yucca moths.
D) If the moths are exterminated by insecticides, the plant-animal interaction ceases and the plant will no longer be pollinated or reproduce.

Question 48

The first leaves produced by an embryo while still inside the seed are

A) endosperms.
B) coleoptiles.
C) cotyledons.
D) epicotyls.
E) embryo sacs.

Question 49

A fruit is a mature

A) integument.
B) endosperm.
C) ovary.
D) cotyledon.
E) embryo.

Question 50

The immature angiosperm pollen grain consists of a tube cell and a generative cell that will divide to produce__________ sperm cells.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 51

Some very showy desert flowers avoid desiccation of delicate floral tissues by blooming at night. They are pollinated by

A) bees.
B) wind.
C) bats.
D) hummingbirds.

Question 52

You have some freshly produced seeds that refuse to germinate when placed in moist soil. What can you do to break dormancy and encourage the seeds to germinate?

A) Boil them.
B) Treat them with abscisic acid.
C) Put them in the dark.
D) Put them in sunlight.
E) Freeze them, then follow up with sufficient warmth and moisture.

Question 53

When wheat is processed to make white, all -purpose flour, the wheat is passed through rollers that pop off the embryo and the ovary wall. Some people add ʺwheat germʺ to the white flour used to make baked goods in order to increase the protein content of these products. What is wheat germ?

A) Endosperm
B) Wheat fruit
C) Embryo
D) Wheat flour
E) Bran

Question 54

Cotyledons, or ʺseed leaves,ʺ absorb food molecules stored in the

A) gametophyte.
B) ovary wall.
C) megaspore.
D) endosperm.
E) sporophyte.

Question 55

Plants that grow in__________ areas most likely do not require drying or exposure to cold to break dormancy were it to occur.

A) desert
B) arctic
C) northern temperate
D) subtropical or tropical

Question 56

Desert plants often have__________ in their seed coats that keep them dormant until there is enough rain to complete their life cycle.

A) drying agents
B) water-soluble chemicals
C) digestive enzymes
D) wetting agents
E) cold-sensitive compounds

Question 57

The seed coat develops from the

A) ovary wall.
B) wall of the pollen sac.
C) female gametophyte.
D) endosperm.
E) integuments of the ovule.

Question 58

Cotyledons and endosperm both provide nutrition. What is the difference between them?

A) Endosperm provides nutrition for the developing embryo; cotyledons provide nutrition for the young seedling.
B) Endosperm is always photosynthetic; cotyledons are usually not.
C) Endosperm is found only in monocots; cotyledons are found only in dicots.
D) Cotyledons are found only in flowering plants; endosperm is found only in young ferns.
E) Cotyledons provide nutrition for the developing embryo; endosperm provides nutrition for the young seedling.

Question 59

All of the following are true of the relationship between the yucca and the yucca moth EXCEPT

A) the yucca plant is dependent on the yucca moth to reproduce, but the yucca moth can lay its eggs in any of several kinds of flowers.
B) some of the developing yucca seeds feed the yucca caterpillars.
C) the yucca moth spreads pollen on the stigma of the yucca flower in which it lays its eggs.
D) the moth lays its eggs directly inside the yucca ovary, where its eggs hatch into caterpillars.
E) the female moth collects yucca pollen.

Question 60

Which of the following pollinators would likely visit a flower that is relatively simple in design and smells like rotting carrion?

A) Moths and butterflies
B) Butterflies
C) Hummingbirds
D) Beetles
E) Bees

Question 61

In primitive land plants, such as mosses and ferns, how does the sperm get to the egg?)

Question 62

A diploid fertilized egg is called a(n)__________ .

Question 63

The process in flowering plant reproduction in which the first sperm unites with an egg to form a diploid zygote and the second sperm unites with two haploid polar bodies to form the diploid endosperm is called double fertilization.

Question 64

What two key adaptations in plants were necessary for insect pollination to be successful?)

Question 65

In the ovule, which two cells (with a total of three nuclei) are fertilized?

Question 66

When we consume whole grains, we are eating endosperm.

Question 67

How many sperm nuclei are necessary for the successful fertilization of flowering plants?

Question 68

What is the function of the stigma of a flower?

Question 69

Megaspore mother cells are diploid.

Question 70

When you eat a cherry, you know that the fruit was derived from the__________ and the seed was derived from the__________ .

Question 71

Describe the process of alternation of generations in plants.

Question 72

Why is fertilization in flowering plants called double fertilization?

Question 73

Most ʺhay feverʺ is actually caused by ragweed, and not hay grass.

Question 74

Throughout the world, the most common types of plants are the flowering plants.

Question 75

In angiosperms, but not conifers, pollen grains can form pollen tubes.

Question 76

The female gametophyte of angiosperms is made up of eight diploid cells and one haploid egg cell.

Question 77

Asexual reproduction is rare in plants.

Question 78

The aptly named dead horse arum has a heat -producing flower. What advantage does this heat provide?

A) It prevents inefficient pollinators from collecting pollen.
B) It increases the evaporation of the scent, attracting pollinators from greater distances.
C) It enables blooms to emerge through snow.
D) It creates a barrier to invasive plant species.
E) It warms the pollinators, which are usually bats.

Question 79

What are the advantages of producing gametes within a flower?

Question 80

In temperate deciduous forests, most of the small flowers that grow on the forest floor must complete their life cycle quickly before tree leaves shade out most of the light. Many of these plants reproduce asexually by runners. What advantages does this have for such plants?