Deck 2: Cells

Question 1

The process that results in the destruction of the "webbing" found between the digits of the hand and foot in early human fetal development is called

A) necrosis
B) metaplasia
C) apoptosis
D) dysplasia

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A) Vesicles transport receptors back to the plasma membrane.
B) A ligand binds specifically with a receptor on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane.
C) Some transport vesicles fuse with a lysosome, which essentially breaks down the contents.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Cytosol is an example of intracellular fluid.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What two processes must occur in order for a cell to divide to produce two new cells?

A) mitosis and meiosis
B) nuclear division and cytokinesis
C) anabolism and catabolism
D) autophagy and endocytosis

Question 5

When charged, medium-sized molecules like glucose and amino acids move across a membrane from high to low concentration, the following process has occurred.

A) simple diffusion
B) osmosis
C) active transport involving membrane proteins
D) facilitated diffusion

Question 6

Rough endoplasmic reticulum differs from smooth endoplasmic reticulum in that it has _____ associated with it; therefore rough endoplasmic reticulum assists in the production and temporary storage of _____.

A) inclusions, cytosol
B) lysosomes, lipids
C) ribosomes, lysosomes
D) ribosomes, proteins

Question 7

Extracellular fluid includes all of the following except:

A) interstitial fluid
B) plasma
C) cytosol
D) lymph

Question 8

Which of the following is not located in the nucleus?

A) histones
B) chromatin
C) endosome
D) nucleolus

Question 9

Which of the following events does not occur during prophase of mitosis?

A) The nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disintegrate.
B) Each chromosome replicates so that it becomes a double-stranded structure.
C) Centrosomes start to form the mitotic spindle.
D) Chromosomes become visible due to the shortening and condensation of chromatin.

Question 10

Organelles that are similar to small lysosomes, contain enzymes, and are important in detoxification are called _____.

A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) peroxisomes
D) centrosomes

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a cell's nucleus?

A) Assembly of amino acids into proteins occurs in the nucleus.
B) The nucleolus synthesizes ribosomal RNA.
C) A pair of chromatids constitute a chromosome during cell division.
D) Assembly of ribosomes occurs in the nucleus.

Question 12

Proteins that will be exported from the cell are produced by

A) ribosomes inside mitochondria
B) ribosomes found in lysosomes
C) ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) ribosomes attached to smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Protein molecules form the basic framework of the plasma membrane.

Question 14

Which of the following contributes to aging?

A) increased synthesis of protein
B) viral invasion of cells
C) free radical damage to protein and DNA
D) decreased autoimmune response

Question 15

Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver?

A) It removes toxic wastes.
B) It contains calcium ions which are released to cause contraction.
C) It releases glucose into the blood.
D) All of these choices are functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver.

Question 16

In passive processes, substances move across the plasma membrane 1. with the use of ATP
2) up (or against) a concentration gradient
3) down (or along) a pressure gradient
4) equally in all directions

A) 3 only
B) 2 only
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 2, 3, 4

Question 17

Which of the following structures is not bounded by a membrane?

A) ribosome
B) lysosome
C) nucleus
D) Golgi complex

Question 18

A cell is recognized as "self" or "non-self" by its

A) mitochondria
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) glycocalyx
D) lysosomes

Question 19

A normal human body cell contains _____ chromosomes and a normal unfertilized human oocyte (egg) contains _____ chromosomes.

A) 46, 22
B) 44, 22
C) 46, 46
D) none of these choices is correct

Question 20

The stages of the cell cycle occur in the following order:

A) G1, S, G2, mitosis
B) S, G1, G2, interphase
C) G1, G2, S, mitosis
D) G1, G2, S, interphase

Question 21

Microtubules form the structure of microvilli.

Question 22

All cells of the body have at least one nucleus.

Question 23

Integral membrane proteins play important roles in certain transport mechanisms. What roles do they play in osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport?

Question 24

When glucose bonds to proteins in tissues, it contributes to the stiffening and loss of elasticity that occur in aging tissues.

Question 25

Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and pinocytosis is the reverse of phagocytosis.

Question 26

The letter A is pointing to the _____.

Question 27

Draw and label a portion of a plasma membrane showing the molecular components of the membrane. Explain why "fluid mosaic" is a good description of the plasma membrane structure.

Question 28

Meiosis occurs in two stages and results in two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell.

Question 29

The mitotic spindle consists of microtubules.

Question 30

A neoplasm can result from uncontrolled cell division.

Question 31

Explain how the rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex interact. Use specific examples of materials produced by each.

Question 32

The proteins found in the phospholipid bilayer permit the movement of most substances, including oxygen and carbon dioxide, across the membrane.

Question 33

For each stage of mitosis, give a two- or three-sentence description of events. Your answer should include the names of the four stages and proper use of the following terms: chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, and centromere.

Question 34

Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest the contents of phagocytic vesicles, pinocytic vesicles, and endosomes.

Question 35

Describe the structure and function of a mitochondrion. What are the important components located within this organelle and where is each one located? What overall process occurs primarily in the mitochondrion?

Question 36

Explain the difference between an oncogene and a proto-oncogene.

Question 37

The Golgi complex packages and sorts proteins destined for export from a cell.

Question 38

Active transport of molecules across cell membranes requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy.

Question 39

List and define: A) three passive processes and B) three active processes that move substances across cell membranes. Give an example of a molecule that is moved by each process.

Question 40

Diffusion and osmosis are passive processes that occur primarily due to the kinetic energy of molecules.

Question 41

This figure illustrates a transport process known as _____.

Question 42

The process in which lysosomes digest their host cell is called _____.

Question 43

The only human cell that has a flagellum is the _____ cell.

Question 44

Most body cells can engulf small droplets of extracellular fluid through a process called _____.

Question 45

The letter B is pointing to a _____.

Question 46

The letter D is pointing to the _____.

Question 47

The letter C is pointing to the _____.

Question 48

_____ is the process by which cell division results in two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell.

Question 49

The transport process that moves oxygen from the air sacs in the lungs into surrounding blood vessels is called _____.

Question 50

Which letter identifies the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A) A
B) B
C) E
D) H

Question 51

Water travels continuously between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid via the process of _____.

Question 52

A mechanism that involves the formation of pseudopods in order to move solid particles into cells is called _____.

Question 53

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of production of _____.

Question 54

The process that allows digestive cells to secrete enzymes is called _____.

Question 55

The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of _____ molecules with _____ molecules scattered throughout.

Question 56

_____ maintains the unequal distribution of potassium and sodium ions across a nerve cell membrane.

Question 57

The contents in the innermost region of a mitochondrion is the _____.

Question 58

The letter E is pointing to a _____.

Question 59

Which letter identifies the powerhouse of the cell?

A) B
B) E
C) F
D) G

Question 60

Somatic cell division involves the process of _____ and cytokinesis.

Question 61

Which letter indicates metaphase?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 62

Identify the letter that indicates telophase.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 63

Meiosis I begins with a _____ (diploid/haploid) starting cell and ends with two cells, each with the _____ (diploid/haploid) number of chromosomes. During meiosis II, each of the two _____ (diploid/haploid) cells formed during meiosis I divides; the net result is four _____ (diploid/haploid) gametes that are genetically different from the original _____ (diploid/haploid) starting cell.

Question 64

Name the organelle that acts as the site of protein synthesis. What two molecular components make up its structure?

Question 65

Which letter identifies microvilli?

A) H
B) E
C) D
D) B

Question 66

During which phase do centromeres divide so that the sister chromatids separate?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 67

In which phase are chromosomes visible as 46 structures that are not aligned?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 68

Describe a function of microtubules.

Question 69

Which letter identifies the site of protein synthesis?

A) G
B) F
C) D
D) B

Question 70

Which letter identifies the organelle in the liver responsible for detoxification?

A) A
B) B
C) H
D) I

Question 71

What is the function of microfilaments?

Question 72

The nucleoli disappear during which phase?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 73

Higher and higher dosages of the drug are needed to achieve the original effect. This could result in an increased possibility of overdose and increased drug dependence." This described drug-tolerance is due to increasing amounts of cellular _____.

Question 74

Which letter indicates interphase; the period during which DNA is replicated?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 75

Which letter identifies an organelle that may contain more than 40 digestive enzymes used to break down the contents of vesicles?

A) F
B) B
C) A
D) C