Deck 24: The Digestive System

Question 1

Place the following in the correct order, as found in the muscularis layer of the stomach, from outermost to innermost: 1. oblique layer
2) circular layer
3) longitudinal layer

A) 2, 1, 3
B) 3, 1, 2
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 3, 2, 1

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The head of the pancreas is located closest to the:

A) curve of the duodenum.
B) lesser curvature of the stomach.
C) inferior surface of the liver.
D) medial surface of the spleen.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A portal triad in the liver consists of which three basic structures:

A) a common bile duct, and branches of the right and left hepatic ducts.
B) a branch of the hepatic portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a bile duct.
C) branches of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, and hepatic artery.
D) branches of the hepatic artery, central vein, and hepatic vein.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The functions of the esophagus include:

A) secretion of enzymes.
B) mixing of food and secretions.
C) absorption of H₂O and small nutrients.
D) none of these choices

Question 5

Which of the following is an intrinsic muscle of the tongue?

A) longitudinalis superior
B) hyoglossus
C) genioglossus
D) styloglossus

Question 6

Which of the following does NOT drive the contents of the colon into the rectum?

A) peristalsis
B) mass peristalsis
C) segmentation
D) haustral churning

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the gallbladder?

A) concentrate bile
B) store bile
C) eject bile into the cystic duct
D) synthesize bile

Question 8

Bile helps accomplish which of the following? 1. chemical (enzymatic) breakdown of protein
2) emulsification of large lipid globules
3) absorption of digested lipids
4) maintenance of an alkaline pH in the duodenum

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3
D) 1, 3, 4

Question 9

The layer of areolar connective tissue underlying the epithelium of the mucosa of the GI tract is called the _____.

A) adventitia
B) lamina propria
C) submucosa
D) peritoneum

Question 10

The structure attached to the soft palate that helps close off the nasopharynx during swallowing is the _____.

A) fauces
B) uvula
C) epiglottis
D) tongue

Question 11

The salivary glands whose ducts open on either side of the lingual frenulum are the:

A) parotid glands.
B) sublingual glands.
C) submandibular glands.
D) buccal glands.

Question 12

Liver cells called _____ produce bile.

A) stellate reticuloendothelial cells
B) phagocytes
C) hepatocytes
D) endothelial cells

Question 13

The bonelike substance that attaches the root of a tooth to the periodontal ligament is _____.

A) dentin
B) enamel
C) cementum
D) gingiva

Question 14

The peritoneal fold situated as a "fatty apron" anterior to the small intestine is the _____.

A) mesentery
B) falciform ligament
C) lesser omentum
D) greater omentum

Question 15

Which of the following is an anatomical feature of the small intestine that serves to increase the surface area for digestion and absorption?

A) lacteals
B) microvilli
C) rugae
D) all of these choices

Question 16

Peristaltic contractions:

A) occur in the stomach, esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine.
B) are primarily responsible for mixing the food with the digestive juices.
C) are of similar strength throughout the digestive tract.
D) all of these choices

Question 17

Contraction of which of the following aid in defecation? 1. external anal sphincter
2) circular colon muscles
3 longitudinal rectal muscles
4) internal anal sphincter
5) diaphragm
6) abdominal muscles

A) 2, 3, 5, 6
B) 1, 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 4
D) 3, 5, 6

Question 18

The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi) directly controls the flow of bile between:

A) the liver and the gallbladder.
B) the liver and the common bile duct
C) the gallbladder and the cystic duct
D) the common bile duct and the duodenum

Question 19

The _____ of the stomach is/are responsible for the production of gastric juice.

A) rugae
B) gastric glands
C) fundus
D) serosa

Question 20

The stomach occupies the following abdominal region(s):

A) umbilical.
B) left hypochondriac.
C) epigastric.
D) all of these choices

Question 21

Antacid tablets (e.g. TUMS, ROLAIDS) are used to help neutralize the acidity of gastric contents. What cells are responsible for this acidity?

A) chief
B) mucus
C) rugae
D) parietal

Question 22

In the wall of the GI tract, the mucosa and muscularis layers both contain smooth muscle.

Question 23

The hepatic veins deliver nutrient-rich blood to the sinusoids of the liver.

Question 24

In the permanent dentition, the teeth that have two cusps and commonly two roots are the upper first premolars (bicuspids).

Question 25

Which dome-shaped region of the stomach is located under the diaphragm?

A) fundus
B) cardia
C) greater curvature
D) pylorus

Question 26

The secretory activity of the salivary glands is controlled via vasoconstriction and vasodilation of their blood vessels.

Question 27

Mucus in the small intestine is secreted by goblet cells in the mucosa and by duodenal glands (Brunner's glands) in the submucosa of the duodenum.

Question 28

The tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity by a fold of mucous membrane called the labial frenulum.

Question 29

The greater curvature of the stomach is closer to the liver than is the lesser curvature.

Question 30

The opening of the accessory pancreatic duct (duct of Santorini) into the duodenum is inferior to the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater).

Question 31

Paneth cells, circular folds (plicae circulares), brush border enzymes and lacteals are all characteristics of the small intestine.

Question 32

Bile secreted from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice secreted from the pancreas enter which portion of the GI tract?

A) cecum
B) duodenum
C) ileum
D) jejunum

Question 33

As a result of the action of pancreatic enzymes, the following are digested in the lumen of the small intestine: carbohydrates (starches), proteins, triglycerides (fats and oils), nucleic acids.

Question 34

Enzymatic breakdown of food is a form of mechanical digestion.

Question 35

The pancreas is the largest internal organ and heaviest gland of the body.

Question 36

The palatine tonsils are located in the uvula, at the posterior border of the soft palate.

Question 37

Most pancreatic tissue is exocrine in function and is arranged in cell clusters called acini.

Question 38

Advancing a gastric tube from the oral cavity to the oropharynx requires passing through the:

A) fauces
B) parotid gland
C) chonae
D) inferior meatus

Question 39

The muscularis layer of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle superiorly and changes to smooth muscle inferiorly.

Question 40

The four main regions of the stomach are cardia, fundus, cecum, and pylorus.

Question 41

Which of the following substances need to undergo digestion before being absorbed into the cells lining the alimentary canal?

A) water
B) vitamins
C) minerals
D) proteins
E) cholesterols

Question 42

What is the structure indicated in the figure?

A) stomach
B) pancreas
C) esophagus
D) pharynx

Question 43

The esophagus is not suspended in a cavity and therefore will not have a true serous membrane.

Question 44

Describe the teeth of the permanent dentition in order from anterior to posterior.

Question 45

Describe the route traveled by bile from the time it is secreted until it enters the duodenum.

Question 46

Which of the following is an accessory digestive organ?

A) tongue
B) mouth
C) esophagus
D) small intestine
E) large intestine

Question 47

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is found in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Question 48

Trace the route most commonly traveled by pancreatic juice, from its production until it is in the lumen of the intestine.

Question 49

The type of epithelial tissue found in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 50

Describe the structure of a tooth and illustrate your answer with a labeled diagram.

Question 51

Describe the route traveled by chyme from the time it leaves the ileum until it is expelled as feces from the body. As you mention the regions of the large intestine, state which are retroperitoneal.

Question 52

Pouches of the large intestine that give it a puckered appearance are called epiploic (omental) appendices.

Question 53

From the primitive gut, the endodermal layer gives rise to the epithelial lining and glands of most of the GI tract, whereas the smooth muscle and connective tissue develop from the mesodermal layer.

Question 54

What is the structure the arrow is pointing to?

A) rugae
B) fundus
C) cardia
D) pyloric sphincter

Question 55

The length of the GI tract is longer after death because of a lack of _____.

Question 56

Identify the structure indicated in the figure.

A) gallbladder
B) sigmoid colon
C) greater omentum
D) lesser omentum

Question 57

What structure is the arrow is pointing to?

A) parotid duct
B) mylohyoid duct
C) submandibular duct
D) sublingual duct

Question 58

The release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the lumen of the stomach is which basic process of digestion?

A) ingestion
B) secretion
C) absorption
D) defecation
E) mastication

Question 59

Describe the gross anatomy of the stomach. Illustrate your answer with a labeled diagram.

Question 60

The cells of the serous layer of the alimentary canal come in contact with food.

Question 61

In the small intestine, segmentation begins with the contraction of this muscle layer.

A) longitudinal
B) circular
C) oblique

Question 62

The esophagus lies anterior to the trachea.

Question 63

The greater omentum attaches to which two organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A) liver and lesser curvature of the stomach
B) greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon
C) ascending colon and duodenum
D) pancreas and kidney

Question 64

Common changes in the digestive organs in the elderly include decreased mobility, increased mucosal secretions, and malabsoprtion.

Question 65

Substances secreted from the pancreas gives pancreatic juice a slightly alkaline pH which buffers the acids in the chyme.

Question 66

The cecum directs waste into which structure of the large intestine?

A) descending colon
B) transverse colon
C) ascending colon
D) sigmoid colon

Question 67

Deglutition occurs in the pharynx when _____ muscles contract.

Question 68

Which region of the GI track receives a bolus from oral cavity and passes it into the esophagus?

A) oropharynx
B) laryngopharynx
C) nasopharynx
D) oropharynx and laryngopharynx are correct
E) oropharynx and nasopharynx are correct

Question 69

Which of the following substances are not absorbed in the large intestine?

A) water
B) vitamins
C) soluble fiber
D) electrolytes

Question 70

Which type of papillae of the tongue lack taste buds and are used to detect touch rather than taste?

A) fungiform papillae
B) vallate (circumvallate) papillae
C) foliate papillae
D) filiform papillae

Question 71

The upper esophageal sphincter is composed of a circular band of skeletal muscle. The lower esophageal sphincter is composed of a circular band of smooth muscle.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The second statement is true; the first is false.

Question 72

During fetal development, which structure develops from the foregut?

A) appendix
B) jejunum
C) pharynx
D) sigmoid colon
E) anal canal

Question 73

The parietal peritoneum lines the outside of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 74

Which structure of the peritoneum is the only one to attach to the anterior body wall?

A) lesser omentum
B) greater omentum
C) mesentery
D) falciform ligament
E) mesocolon

Question 75

The majority of nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine.