Deck 22: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following are NOT a part of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

A) acini
B) alpha cells
C) beta cells
D) F-cells

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a space or fluid in which you would NOT expect to find a hormone?

A) blood plasma
B) interstitial fluid
C) duct
D) capillaries

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is an adrenal gland hormone that is essential for life?

A) aldosterone
B) norepinephrine (NE)
C) insulin
D) epinephrine

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following are NOT direct targets of anterior pituitary hormones?

A) mammary glands
B) kidneys
C) thyroid gland
D) adrenal cortex

Question 5

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a mass of tissue called the _____.

A) isthmus
B) parathyroid
C) infundibulum
D) follicle

Question 6

Which endocrine gland is part of the epithalamus?

A) pituitary
B) hypothalamus
C) pineal
D) thymus

Question 7

The following gland arises from ectoderm:

A) thyroid.
B) pancreas.
C) thymus.
D) adrenal medulla.

Question 8

"Tired OR Wired" can be thought of as a quick reference to thyroid gland dysfunctions. Thyroid gland disturbances will directly affect which homeostatic condition?

A) sodium levels
B) levels of circulating corticosteroids
C) metabolic rate
D) maturation of T lymphocytes

Question 9

The hypophyseal portal veins:

A) supply blood to the primary plexus capillaries in the base of the hypothalamus.
B) carry hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary.
C) receive anterior pituitary hormones as they are secreted.
D) receive posterior pituitary hormones via the plexus of the infundibular process.

Question 10

The ability of a hormone to affect the activities of a particular cell depends on that cell having specific receptors with which the hormone molecules can bind. The number of receptors present in a target cell is a constant, invariable number.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The second statement is true; the first is false.

Question 11

Alpha and beta cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas: 1. can be found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
2) secrete their hormones into the pancreatic duct
3 secrete hormones that regulate calcium levels in the body
4) are responsible for maintaining homeostatic levels of glucose
5) aid in the production of enzymes used for protein digestion

A) 1 and 2
B) 2, 3 and 5
C) 4 only
D) 1 and 4

Question 12

The hormone inhibin is produced by the: 1. ovaries.
2) testes.
3) pancreas.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) both 1 and 2.

Question 13

A basilar skull fracture which injures the hypophyseal fossa (seat of the sella turcica) of the sphenoid bone will directly affect the release of:

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin
B) calcitonin
C) aldosterone
D) All of these choices.

Question 14

Which of the following hormones has the ovaries and testes as its target tissue?

A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) relaxin (RLX)
C) inhibin
D) progesterone

Question 15

Thyroxine (T₄) is a hormone that:

A) is produced by parafollicular cells ( C cells).
B) is secreted along with T₃ into the follicles of the thyroid gland.
C) is also known as triiodothyronine.
D) causes myxedema when produced in excess.

Question 16

The hormone that functions to promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics is:

A) follicle-stimulating hormone.
B) testosterone.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) human growth hormone.

Question 17

The _____ is the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, due to its control over secretory activities of the _____ gland.

A) thalamus, pituitary
B) hypothalamus, thyroid
C) brain stem, thyroid
D) hypothalamus, pituitary

Question 18

The endocrine gland that produces hormones that mediate the proliferation and maturation of T cells of the immune system is the _____.

A) pancreas
B) pineal
C) thymus
D) thyroid

Question 19

Which of the following pairs of terms is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) insulin; secreted by beta cells
B) glucagon; secreted by alpha cells
C) somatostatin; secreted by delta cells
D) pancreatic polypeptide; inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

Question 20

Estrogens are produced by cells in the: 1. ovaries.
2) placenta.
3) adrenal cortex.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) both 1 and 2.

Question 21

The quantity of hormone produced by an endocrine gland varies, but the number of receptors on its target tissues remains stable.

Question 22

Name the secretory cells of the thyroid gland, describe their location, list the hormones produced, and state the target cells of the hormones.

Question 23

What is a tropic hormone (tropin)? Give two examples secreted by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).

Question 24

The parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 25

Endocrine portions of the pancreas are called acini.

Question 26

The pituitary gland consists of two anatomically and functionally separate portions; the smaller _____ is composed of _____ tissue.

A) posterior pituitary; glandular
B) posterior pituitary; neural
C) anterior pituitary; glandular
D) anterior pituitary; neural

Question 27

The pituitary (hypophysis) and adrenal glands are similar in that each gland has two distinct regions: one that develops from ectoderm, and one that develops from endoderm.

Question 28

Which of the following is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A) hypothalamus
B) anterior pituitary
C) thalamus
D) pineal
E) posterior pituitary

Question 29

Thymosin and other thymic hormones influence the maturation of B cells (B-lymphocytes) in the thymus gland.

Question 30

The nervous system responds to change very quickly, but an individual response is very brief; whereas, the endocrine system's response takes longer to take effect, but it lasts for a longer period of time.

Question 31

Cortisol, the main glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata, depresses the immune response and inflammation.

Question 32

Which endocrine gland receives its blood supply from suprarenal arteries?

A) thymus
B) ovary
C) adrenal
D) testicle

Question 33

List the five different types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) together with the names of the hormones secreted by each.

Question 34

The infundibulum attaches the _____ to the _____.

A) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
B) pituitary gland; thalamus
C) hypothalamus; pituitary gland
D) posterior pituitary; pineal gland
E) thyroid gland; parathyroid gland

Question 35

Hormones of the adrenal medulla help prolong the fight-or-flight response (sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system).

Question 36

Hypothalamic hormones travel via the primary plexus, the hypophyseal portal veins, and the secondary plexus, where they diffuse into the _____.

A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) neurohypophysis
D) thalamus

Question 37

Name the cells that are responsible for producing the hormones of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Name the hormones together with their target tissues.

Question 38

Oxyphil cells make up most of the volume of a normal parathyroid gland and are primarily responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone.

Question 39

The anterior and posterior regions of the pituitary gland (hypophysis) both develop from ectoderm.

Question 40

Hormones affect a target cell by binding to specific hormone _____ on the cell membrane or in its interior.

A) carbohydrates
B) cholesterols
C) lipids
D) receptors
E) glycoproteins

Question 41

In the adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa cells secrete

A) androgens.
B) calcitonin.
C) cortisol.
D) aldosterone.

Question 42

The adrenal gland functions as two separate endocrine glands: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. Which ones effects mimic the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A) adrenal medulla
B) adrenal cortex

Question 43

_____ cells of the adrenal gland have the same embryonic origin as all sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

A) Follicular
B) Medullary
C) Chief (principal)
D) Chromaffin

Question 44

The pineal gland is located near the roof of the _____ ventricle of the brain.

A) third
B) lateral
C) second
D) fourth

Question 45

Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland produce the hormone _____, which helps to regulate the level of _____ in the blood.

A) parathromone; potassium
B) calcitonin; sodium
C) calcitonin; calcium
D) PTH; calcium

Question 46

Somatotrophs are cells located in the _____ which secrete _____.

A) posterior pituitary; oxytocin (OT)
B) anterior pituitary; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) anterior pituitary; human growth hormone (hGH)

Question 47

The two hormones produced by the testes are testosterone and relaxin.

Question 48

In the pancreas, alpha cells secrete

A) pancreatic juice
B) T4
C) insulin
D) glucagon

Question 49

Thyroid follicular cells secrete calcitonin.

Question 50

_____ secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

A) Gonadotrophs
B) Delta cells
C) Acini
D) Islets

Question 51

Milk production in the mammary glands is initiated by

A) prolactin (PRL)
B) relaxin
C) inhibin
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 52

Thyrotrophs secrete TSH, the hormone that controls the _____.

A) adrenal cortex
B) parathyroid gland
C) thymus gland
D) thyroid gland

Question 53

Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone) is produced by the follicular cells of the parathyroid gland.

Question 54

The pineal gland hormone that helps regulate the body's biological clock is _____.

A) TSH
B) thryroxine
C) melanin
D) melatonin

Question 55

_____ cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE).

A) Follicular
B) Parafollicular
C) Chromaffin
D) Beta

Question 56

Hormones that regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood are secreted by the _____ region of the adrenal cortex.

A) zona reticularis
B) zona fasciculata
C) medullary zone
D) zona glomerulosa

Question 57

Parafollicular (C cells) cells secrete _____.

A) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) calcitonin
D) thyroxine (T4)

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a cell type of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

A) beta
B) acini
C) F
D) delta

Question 59

In the pancreas, beta cell secrete insulin.

Question 60

Thyroid hormones (T₃ and T₄) are produced by:

A) parafollicular cells (C cells)
B) chief (principal) cells
C) follicular cells
D) oxyphil cells

Question 61

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) release affects target cells in which two organs?

A) thymus and thyroid
B) bone and kidney
C) liver and brain
D) pancreas and thyroid

Question 62

Adipose cells secrete leptin which functions to increase appetite.

Question 63

Which cell of the pituitary gland releases hormones that target the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A) somatotroph
B) thyrotroph
C) gonadotroph
D) lactotroph
E) corticotroph

Question 64

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is thought to be due to the underproduction and/or release of melatonin from the pineal gland.

Question 65

Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts, lumen of an organ, and blood vessels.

Question 66

All of the following hormone levels decline with age EXCEPT

A) human growth hormone.
B) thyroid stimulating hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) estrogen.

Question 67

The lines are pointing to which of the following?

A) superior hypophyseal artery
B) hypophyseal portal veins
C) inferior hypophyseal artery
D) posterior hypophyseal veins

Question 68

What is the endocrine gland labeled with the arrow?

A) pituitary
B) thymus
C) pancreas
D) thyroid

Question 69

The arrow is pointing to which structure?

A) paraventricular nucleus
B) supraoptic nucleus
C) infundibular venous plexus
D) axons of neurosecretory cells

Question 70

Estrogens are produced by cells in the: 1. ovaries.
2) placenta.
3) adrenal cortex.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) both 1 and 2.

Question 71

Which endocrine cell releases parathyroid hormone?

A) pinealocytes
B) beta cells
C) parafollicular cells
D) chief cells

Question 72

What is the endocrine gland labeled with the arrow?

A) adrenal
B) pineal
C) thymus
D) testis

Question 73

If hormone levels are low, the plasma membrane of a target cell will decrease the number of receptors in its membrane.

Question 74

What is the name of the endocrine gland indicated by the line?

A) pituitary
B) pancreas
C) thymus
D) thyroid

Question 75

Secretin, Cholecystokinin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide target which abdominopelvic gland?

A) spleen
B) pancreas
C) gallbladder
D) small intestine