Deck 16: Culture

Question 1

An early precursor of social psychology as the study of the collective mind was:

A) anthropometry.
B) the Athenian model.
C) ethnography.
D) Völkerpsychologie.

Answer 1

Völkerpsychologie.

Question 2

During and after the 16^th century, many factors changed the way in which the self, the individual and social groups were conceptualised. For instance, people started to become mobile in order to seek work. As a result, they needed to have a portable personal identity rather than one embedded in a social structure that was based purely on their geographically fixed extended family. This is referred to as:

A) secularisation.
B) industrialisation.
C) enlightenment.
D) mobilisation.

Answer 2

industrialisation.

Question 3

Cultural psychologists:

A) have more in common with anthropometrics than psychology.
B) find traditional psychological methods useless.
C) exclusively use qualitative methods.
D) focus on how people extract meaning from their sociocultural environment.

Answer 3

focus on how people extract meaning from their sociocultural environment.

Question 4

Analyses that focus on the universals of behaviour are:

A) 'emic' analyses.
B) generic analyses.
C) 'etic' analyses.
D) cross-cultural analyses.

Question 5

A major orientation that recognised individuals could be rational and possess an intellect was:

A) the Enlightenment.
B) Western philosophy.
C) social identity theory.
D) secularisation.

Question 6

Kitayama and her colleagues (2004) found differences between Japanese and American participants in their experience of cognitive dissonance such that:

A) Japanese participants appear to only feel dissonance when social cues are active (e.g., becoming aware of their peer's opinions when making a decision).
B) American participants appear to only feel dissonance when social cues are active (e.g., becoming aware of their peer's opinions when making a decision).
C) Japanese participants appear to be much more likely to experience dissonance in a variety of situations compared to American participants.
D) American participants appear to be much more likely to experience dissonance in a variety of situations compared to Japanese participants.

Question 7

Sarah lives in a student dormitory called 'Alpha House'. She is proud of her dormitory and often wears Alpha House's jersey around campus. One morning, Sarah goes to the library and waits in line to use a computer. A student from Sarah's rival dormitory 'Beta House' finishes using a computer and gets up to leave. As Sarah walks over, she notices that the student has left lots of rubbish on the computer desk. Sarah rolls her eyes, thinking that such selfish behaviour is typical of a Beta House resident. Sarah is engaging in:

A) scapegoating.
B) the ultimate attribution error.
C) a double standard.
D) cultural relativity.

Question 8

Which was NOT a historic factor associated with the redefinition of the individual and society?

A) Actualisation
B) Industrialisation
C) Secularisation
D) Enlightenment

Question 9

The finding of differences in psychological processes between Eastern and Western cultures is more commonly expressed in psychology as:

A) the nature-nurture conflict
B) Christian and non-Christian worldviews
C) the etic-emic distinction
D) the collectivism-individualism contrast

Question 10

A stable, social, universal phenomenon found in cross-cultural research (Smith & Bond, 1998) is:

A) food gathering as a male chore.
B) obedience to authority.
C) food processing as a female chore.
D) child rearing as a female chore.

Question 11

A reason why culture has been under-emphasised by social psychologists may be because they have:

A) lived entirely in the United States.
B) predominantly focused on the experimental method.
C) known that social theories are universal.
D) individual phenomena within collectivism.

Question 12

Which person is NOT known to have contributed to the study of culture?

A) Boas
B) Pavlov
C) Durkheim
D) Wundt

Question 13

The subdisciplines of cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology can be differentiated in that:

A) cross-cultural psychology tends to utilise traditional social psychology methods to comparatively examine different ethnicities and nationalities.
B) cross-cultural psychology tends to use qualitative methods to study an individual's fundamental grounding in their culture.
C) cultural psychology tends to utilise traditional social psychology methods to comparatively examine different ethnicities and nationalities.
D) cultural psychology tends to utilise traditional mixed methods to comparatively examine different ethnicities and nationalities.

Question 14

The ultimate attribution error refers to:

A) people's tendency to attribute severe failures to disposition.
B) the conclusion of a person's quest in finding out about members of another group.
C) putting self before the group in making decisions about ingroup behaviour.
D) attributions of negative behaviour as inherent to members of another cultural group.

Question 15

The tendency to see behaviour as reflecting stable underlying personality attributes is referred to as the:

A) ultimate attribution error.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) correspondence bias.
D) group attribution bias.

Question 16

Cross-cultural psychology aims to determine:

A) whether collectivist psychological theories are valid in other cultures.
B) whether certain psychological constructs are individual-specific.
C) ways in which psychology can evolve so that it has universal relevance.
D) ways in which meta-theory of culture applies to individual culture.

Question 17

In a meta-analysis of processes and concepts in social psychology in a cross-cultural context, Smith and Bond (1998) concluded that obedience to authority:

A) has to be assigned a more suitable operational definition.
B) is found only in Western societies.
C) is one concept that holds across cultures.
D) needs to be measured differently in non-Western societies.

Question 18

A reason why culture has been under-emphasised by social psychologists may be because they have:

A) believed that social theories are universal.
B) concentrated so much on theory.
C) only occasionally done field research.
D) few scientists ignore culture within their studies.

Question 19

'Emic' analyses focus on cultural:

A) universals.
B) relativity.
C) 'etic' abnormalities.
D) specifics.

Question 20

A critique of social psychology from the cultural perspective is that it has been:

A) Eastern perspectives.
B) culture-bound.
C) personal phenomenon.
D) unscientific.

Question 21

According to Hofstede (1980), the degree to which unequal power is accepted is measured along a dimension called:

A) communal sharing.
B) authoritarian.
C) power distance.
D) market pricing.

Question 22

The Southern United States has had higher homicide rates than the rest of the country. Cohen and Nisbett (1994, 1997) have explained this in terms of:

A) relative deprivation among illegal immigrants.
B) more material wealth derived from valuable resources.
C) high temperatures.
D) a culture of honour.

Question 23

Mead (1930) reported that children in Papua New Guinea were trained to 'be aggressive, violent and overbearing'. This is an example of:

A) a laissez-faire child-rearing style.
B) how child development is bound up with cultural norms.
C) the family structure in Papua New Guinea.
D) how child-rearing styles are adapted to the physical environment.

Question 24

The terms 'masculinity-femininity', 'power distance', 'uncertainty avoidance', and 'individualism-collectivism' refer to:

A) aspects of cross-cultural methodology.
B) levels of analysis when conducting cross-cultural research.
C) value dimensions for comparing countries.
D) labels for types of societies.

Question 25

Fiske's (1992) relational theory, dealing with cross-cultural agreement on what a meaningful relationship represents, is based on:

A) schemas.
B) collectives.
C) norms.
D) construals.

Question 26

Where would you be LEAST likely to encounter interdependent kinds of people?

A) Canada
B) Singapore
C) Thailand
D) Taiwan

Question 27

The interdependent self can be conceptualised as:

A) a self that is relatively dependent on social relations and has more fuzzy boundaries.
B) a self that is relatively separate, internal and unique and has more fuzzy boundaries.
C) a self that is relatively different from social norms but also separate from social relations at other times.
D) a self that is relatively autonomous from social norms and has a clear boundary between self and others.

Question 28

A study of help-seeking behaviour by either kibbutz dwellers or city dwellers (Nadler, 1986) showed that:

A) help-seeking has a strong sociocultural component.
B) kibbutz dwellers relied only on their fellow kibbutz members.
C) help-seeking can be tied to personality traits.
D) city dwellers were more likely to seek help.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a grouping of nations in terms of their value orientations as defined by Fiske, Kitayama, Markus and Nisbett (1998)?

A) Western European nations as individualistic and egalitarian
B) Eastern European nations as individualistic and hierarchical
C) Oceanic nations as collectivist and egalitarian
D) Asian nations as collectivist and hierarchical

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of Fiske's models of a social relationship?

A) Authority ranking
B) Goal sharing
C) Communal sharing
D) Market pricing

Question 31

In a society based on individualism people are:

A) assumed to assign resources in a humanistic manner.
B) reliant on functioning family structures.
C) expected to look after themselves.
D) dependent on cooperation.

Question 32

Berry's (1967) research among the Inuit in Canada, a hunter-gatherer culture, indicated that:

A) all subsistence economies demand high conformity.
B) role division can be based on child-rearing practices.
C) societies can develop an advanced culture without animal husbandry.
D) cultural practices can influence conformity.

Question 33

One of two dimensions that Schwartz (1992) found had stable meanings across countries is 'openness to change/conservatism'. The other one is:

A) prosocial/antisocial.
B) power tolerance/competitiveness.
C) self-enhancement/self-transcendence.
D) male/female orientation.

Question 34

According to Fiske and colleagues (1998), a person who meets obligations, conforms to norms and who is cooperative can be classified as:

A) an individualistic person.
B) an interdependent person.
C) the ideal worker.
D) a group leader.

Question 35

Where would you be MOST likely to encounter independent kinds of people?

A) Netherlands
B) Portugal
C) Pakistan
D) Peru

Question 36

According to the 'culture of honour':

A) male violence is endorsed as a response to threat.
B) social transgressions are punished by taking away a culprit's honour.
C) social ranking is based on being honourable.
D) a personal challenge must be met with rationality.

Question 37

Following Fiske, in a relationship where the individual is subsumed by the group identity we have an instance of:

A) communal sharing.
B) goal sharing.
C) collective ranking.
D) authority matching.

Question 38

According to Hofstede (1980), the extent to which people plan to avoid life's uncertainties is measured along a dimension called:

A) uncertainty avoidance.
B) equality matching.
C) mastery.
D) masculinity.

Question 39

In a cross-cultural study on conformity among the Temne in Sierra Leone and the Inuit in Canada, Berry (1967) concluded that conformity levels in subsistence economies are influenced to a considerable degree by:

A) how food is accessed.
B) geographical distance from Western societies.
C) the value that is attributed to the elderly.
D) power hierarchies.

Question 40

The independent self can be conceptualised as:

A) a self that is relatively dependent on social relations and has more fuzzy boundaries.
B) a self that is relatively separate, internal and unique and has clear boundaries.
C) a self that is relatively dependent on social relations at times but also internal and separate from social relations at other times.
D) a self that is relatively flexible on social boundaries and has more fuzzy relationships.

Question 41

An immigrant group of people work hard to maintain their home culture and at the same time make a big effort to relate to the dominant culture. We call this:

A) negotiation.
B) separation.
C) integration.
D) rejection.

Question 42

Which of the following statements does NOT apply with respect to culture?

A) It provides individuals with a sense of who they are.
B) It has attributes that are shared amongst members.
C) It is a product of psychological processes.
D) It has attributes that do not change.

Question 43

A relationship that is characterised by maintaining a balance through social exchange can be classified according to Fiske as:

A) equity maintenance.
B) equality matching.
C) marketing.
D) communal sharing.

Question 44

Charu, who lives in your city, wears a sari at home and a suit to work. When she goes out with work mates they go to the movies and have a glass of wine afterwards. At family reunions she helps baking naan and preparing tasty curries and other dishes for her family. She juggles two cultures, choosing to:

A) separate.
B) negotiate.
C) integrate.
D) assimilate.

Question 45

Which of the following is not a feature of a contact setting which is believed to facilitate positive contact between members of different social groups?

A) Cooperation
B) Shared goals
C) Equal status
D) Financial incentive

Question 46

Sociolinguistic cultural markers such as group-specific intonation and expressive intensity:

A) are based on prejudices.
B) can aid ingroup identification for the group members.
C) are an expression of conflict.
D) lead to intergroup tension and misunderstanding.

Question 47

In investigating immigrants' choices when settling in their host country, Berry and colleagues (1987) found that the most popular path is associated with the least acculturative stress. This path is:

A) separation.
B) marginalisation.
C) assimilation.
D) integration.

Question 48

A psychology that assumes that culture can be understood only from within its own perspective is called:

A) cultural psychology.
B) authentic psychology.
C) indigenous psychology.
D) intercultural psychology.

Question 49

Filial piety and reverence of elders are more common in:

A) patriarchal societies.
B) individualist societies.
C) collective societies.
D) agricultural societies.

Question 50

In a social distance study, Vaughan (1962) found that intercultural contact:

A) leads to improved relations between cultures.
B) creates tension due to relative deprivation.
C) can be enhanced by prior education.
D) is mediated by perceived cultural difference.

Question 51

The term 'acculturation' refers to:

A) forced adoption of the host society's ways of living.
B) a change of cultural patterns over time.
C) government policies for integrating minority groups.
D) the internalisation of norms and behaviours of another culture.

Question 52

Studies of intercultural contact have indicated that:

A) more similar cultures are more likely to interact.
B) the more different cultures are the more interesting and attractive they are.
C) the best way of improving cross-cultural relationships is to briefly expose members from different groups to each other.
D) pre-existing outgroup stereotypes are difficult to change.

Question 53

Berry's use of the term 'assimilation' refers to immigrants:

A) giving up their traditional culture in favour of embracing the host culture.
B) becoming bicultural.
C) maintaining their home culture but relating to the host culture at the same time.
D) losing their personal identity.

Question 54

According to Berry's model, which of the following is NOT an option for immigrants weighing up their home and host cultures?

A) Assimilate
B) Integrate
C) Marginalise
D) Reject

Question 55

When a group experiences cultural change it may also undergo some:

A) acculturative stress.
B) cultural ambiguity.
C) deindividuation.
D) adaptive tension.

Question 56

Relationships in societies that place great value on filial piety are typically characterised by:

A) communal sharing.
B) hierarchy maintaining.
C) authority ranking.
D) equality matching.

Question 57

Ben is an Anglo-Australian student studying chemistry. In his tutorial, he is assigned a lab partner called Yoko, who is an international student from Japan. Ben starts chatting to Yoko about the upcoming lab report that the class has to write. Ben notices that Yoko doesn't maintain eye contact with him as much as he feels she should. Ben wonders if Yoko is shy or evasive. Ben's perceptions of Yoko could be due to:

A) cultural differences in non-verbal behaviour.
B) the fact that Ben makes snap judgements.
C) males being poor at reading facial expressions.
D) Yoko's fear of sending non-verbal cues to Ben.

Question 58

The idea of bringing members from different cultural groups together to improve intergroup relations and to reduce prejudice is:

A) the contact hypothesis.
B) beyond criticism.
C) ridiculous.
D) attracting close government scrutiny.

Question 59

Marco, a sociable three-year old, lives with his locally-born mother and his Italian-born father. At Christmas they make an annual trek to visit family in Tuscany. There is a chance that Marco will develop:

A) an identity crisis.
B) a personality disorder.
C) multiple identities.
D) a bicultural identity.

Question 60

A bicultural identity is often an outcome of:

A) being sent abroad as an exchange student.
B) being raised in different countries.
C) an identity crisis.
D) being born to parents from different ethnic backgrounds.

Question 61

New York's Chinatown and Singapore's Little India are examples of:

A) ethnic tourist attractions.
B) a laissez-faire cultural pluralism.
C) culturally sensitive city planning.
D) urban cultural management.

Question 62

A researcher's intent to induce positive social change through intervention has been advocated by Moghaddam (1998) as:

A) action research.
B) the social change model.
C) the social conscious approach.
D) generative psychology.

Question 63

The issue surrounding whether diverse cultures can co-exist together as a society is conceptualised as:

A) generative psychology.
B) the multicultural challenge.
C) indigenous psychology.
D) the social identity challenge.

Question 64

Behind an indigenous psychology is the argument that:

A) there are commonalities in psychological processes between indigenous groups.
B) culture can be understood only from within its own perspective.
C) an indigenous culture is reserved for its own members.
D) Western psychological theories are outdated.

Question 65

When there are governmental or regional policies that sustain cultural diversity, we can talk about:

A) affirmative action.
B) a laissez-faire cultural pluralism.
C) centralised cultural diversity.
D) active cultural pluralism.

Question 66

The emergence of ethnic enclaves in cities that are characterised by a large influx of immigrants points towards:

A) urban cultural management.
B) ethnic tourist attractions.
C) culturally sensitive city planning.
D) a laissez-faire cultural pluralism.

Question 67

The 'melting pot' metaphor of assimilation implies:

A) the averaging out of a variety of cultural inputs.
B) the complete obliteration of a culture.
C) the emergence of a new form of the dominant culture.
D) a romanticised view of the loss of cultural identities.