Deck 7: Ethics in Corrections: the Nature of Corrections the Prison Explosion

Question 1

The number of state and federal prison inmates on December 31, 2014 totaled:

A) 1,462,589
B) 1,561,500
C) 1,685,978
D) 2,854,635

Answer 1

B

Question 2

As of December 31, 2012, which of the following categories of crime was the highest percentage of women incarcerated for?

A) Drug offenses
B) Vice offenses
C) Violent offenses
D) Property offenses

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Between 1982 and 1999, over state and at least 51 federal correctional facilities were opened.

A) 400
B) 500
C) 600
D) 700

Answer 3

C

Question 4

One of the outcomes of mass incarceration policies has been:

A) More death penalty cases
B) Prison overcrowding
C) Less minorities incarcerated
D) Less Whites incarcerated

Question 5

According to the timeline of events, during which year did the war on drugs begin to severely impact the criminal justice system as prosecutions increased?

A) 1967
B) 1974
C) 1986
D) 1988

Question 6

As compared to most European nations, the U.S. has:

A) Extremely high rates of imprisonment
B) Extremely low rates of imprisonment
C) About average rates of imprisonment
D) Slightly lower than average rates of imprisonment

Question 7

The most pressing problem in corrections today is:

A) The rise of the restorative justice model
B) Rapid decline in correctional populations
C) Prison population explosions
D) The failure of drug treatment programs

Question 8

Which of the following states houses the largest women's prison in the world?

A) Arizona
B) California
C) New York
D) Wisconsin

Question 9

In light of the costs of incarceration, what new class of prisoner has been created?

A) Violent
B) Property
C) Vice
D) Debtors

Question 10

According to the timeline of events, during which year did the Safe Streets Act enlarge the federal role in crime control?

A) 1967
B) 1974
C) 1986
D) 1988

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the results of overcrowding:

A) The imposition of additional behavioral controls
B) A decrease in treatment programs
C) Additional treatment and re-entry programs
D) Increase in recidivism

Question 12

According to the timeline of events, during which year did the Department of Justice continue its policy of playing a lead role in campaigning for more punitive crime control policies?

A) 1967
B) 1974
C) 1986
D) 1988

Question 13

Which individual originally coined the term "total institution" later used to describe life in a maximum security institution?

A) Gresham Sykes
B) Irving Goffman
C) Max Weber
D) James Jacobs

Question 14

LFOs are:

A) Legal financial obligations
B) Lagging financial obligations
C) Legal fundamental obligations
D) Legal financial objections

Question 15

In 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered that California prison populations must be reduced to % of design capacity within two years.

A) 89.5
B) 123.5
C) 129.5
D) 137.5

Question 16

According to the timeline of events, during which decade did crime rates begin to rise for reasons that still remain unclear?

A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1980s

Question 17

The female prison population has since 1990.

A) More than doubled
B) More than tripled
C) Decreased by 50%
D) Decreased by 25%

Question 18

The majority of correctional spending goes to:

A) Prisons
B) Probation and parole
C) Jails
D) Private facilities

Question 19

Most prisons have been built since 1925.

A) Maximum security
B) Supermax
C) Medium security
D) Minimum security

Question 20

The prison represents a social system in which as attempt is made to create and maintain total or almost total social control.

A) Maximum security
B) Supermax
C) Medium security
D) Minimum security

Question 21

Valuable such as drugs would engender more conflict.

A) Personal
B) Legalistic
C) Compliance
D) Rewards

Question 22

According to Kauffman (1988), guards who show hostility toward inmates but identify closely with fellow guards are known as:

A) Pollyannas
B) White hats
C) Hard asses
D) Functionaries

Question 23

As is the case with police officer and many occupations, prison guards have:

A) An occupational subculture.
B) A strong interest in weeding out unethical officers.
C) A strong interest seeing that external oversight is strong.
D) A strong interest in creating and enforcing a strict disciplinary system.

Question 24

When prison guard recruits as a whole were asked to respond to hypothetical dilemmas involving inmates, most approved of a guard acting in a manner toward inmates.

A) Retributive
B) Sympathetic
C) Callous
D) Empathetic

Question 25

As a result of activism and the social activism of the late 1960s, many inmates, especially minorities, were provided with a political rhetoric and ideology that radicalized prisons.

A) Judicial
B) Prosecutorial
C) Inmate
D) Celebrity

Question 26

Which of the following is not one of Kauffman's (1988) five types of guard attitudes?

A) Polyannas
B) Black hats
C) Hard asses
D) Burnouts

Question 27

Lombardo (1989) developed a typography of prison officer authority comprising personal authority and authority.

A) Referent
B) Legalistic
C) Compliance
D) Rewards

Question 28

According to Hepburn (1985), which type of power is based on inmate perceptions that prison officers have the capacity to punish prisoner disobedience?

A) Legitimate
B) Coercive
C) Reward
D) Expert

Question 29

Jacobs' (1977) study of the Illinois Stateville Prison describes the early days that exhibited imposition of arbitrary and ad hoc discipline, which was followed by:

A) Series of prison riots
B) A trend toward more severe penal sanctions
C) A restorative justice period with more lax sanctions
D) A bureaucratized system with rules and regulations

Question 30

According to Kauffman (1988), guards who cope with prison by closing their minds to it, including both inmates and guards are known as:

A) White hats
B) Hard asses
C) Functionaries
D) Burnouts

Question 31

According to Hepburn (1985), which type of power derives from the prisoners' perception that officers have some special skill or expertise?

A) Legitimate
B) Reward
C) Expert
D) Referent

Question 32

Minimum security inmates are generally:

A) Nonviolent
B) First time offenders
C) White-collar criminals
D) All of the above

Question 33

Warden Joe Ragen sought to make Stateville the world's most prison.

A) Controlling
B) Orderly
C) Clean
D) Punitive

Question 34

Those professing a belief in authority as well as those favoring legalistic authority agreed that full enforcement of institutional regulations would effectively cause the institution to cease operating because all inmates would be forever locked down for rule violations.

A) Personal
B) Legalistic
C) Compliance
D) Rewards

Question 35

prisons adopt many of the practices found in maximum security, such as head counts and a high level of supervision and guarding.

A) Maximum security
B) Supermax
C) Medium security
D) Minimum security

Question 36

According to Kauffman (1988), guards holding positive attitudes toward inmates but negative attitudes towards their fellow guards are known as:

A) Pollyannas
B) White hats
C) Hard asses
D) Functionaries

Question 37

In the prison environment, prison guards are often forced to tolerate minor rule violations, petty stealing, and making concessions to inmate leaders in order to:

A) Gain respect of inmates
B) Retain their discretion
C) Treat inmates ethically
D) Maintain power

Question 38

According to Hepburn (1985), which type of power involves officers who are invested with authority to command as a result of their position as a guard of prisoners?

A) Legitimate
B) Coercive
C) Reward
D) Expert

Question 39

Prison guards have a myriad of ways of retaliating against troublesome inmates, short of writing tickets for rule violations. These are termed forms of:

A) Governmental control
B) Social control
C) Informal control
D) Formal control

Question 40

The most common occasion for such violence was within an inmate's cell block at a time when he was about to be removed from segregation.

A) Power
B) Provoked
C) Compliant
D) Rewarded

Question 41

According to Weber (1964), opposed to classical liberal philosophy is the view that the state has the sole right to use power.

A) Legitimate
B) Coercive
C) Reward
D) Expert

Question 42

Public opinion surveys now show that 8 in 10 Americans support:

A) voting rights for those who have completed their sentence
B) voting rights for those on death row, once they are released
C) continued denial of voting rights for those who have completed their sentence
D) none of these

Question 43

Correctional officers often engage in "corruption of authority," meaning they:

A) Deliberately refrain from enforcing prison rules
B) Engage in many corrupts acts when exercising their authority
C) Strictly enforce prison rules, but do so unethically
D) Are prompted to act unethically due to the authority they are given

Question 44

The most common occasion for unprovoked violence in prison was out in the recreation yard during movements.

Question 45

The U.S. rate of incarceration for females is increasing faster than the rate for males.

Question 46

By 2008, all states other than and prohibited inmates from casting a vote while incarcerated for a felony.

A) Alaska; California
B) Maine; Idaho
C) Maine; Vermont
D) Vermont; Michigan

Question 47

Prison authorities successfully exercise almost complete control at most prisons.

Question 48

Which of the following is not an ethical issue arising from privatization of prisons?

A) Will the state receive the benefits for which it paid when retaining a private correctional company?
B) How will private prisons deal with the issue of use of deadly force?
C) Is it appropriate for anyone but the state to meet out punishment?
D) Will private prisons increase the demand for a constant flow of inmates?

Question 49

The role calls for impersonal relationships, a controlling demeanor, and complete enforcement of prison rules.

A) Treatment
B) Custody
C) Corruption
D) Discretion

Question 50

Expert power may be undermined by the unwillingness of prisoners to acknowledge the competence of prison officers.

Question 51

Recruits unable to adapt to prison values and compete the process of socialization were subject to ostracism.

Question 52

The task of the state is to protect institutions.

Question 53

Because formal controls are effective at most prisons, guards rarely have to ignore minor rule violations in order to gain compliance with other rules.

Question 54

According to Aviram (2015), the biggest private prison provider is:

A) Management Training Corporation
B) Correctional Treatment Facilities
C) Corrections Corporation of America
D) Correctional Institutions of America

Question 55

Prison guards and prison officials often experience ethical problems because of the conflict between their obligations to rehabilitate on the one hand and punish and control on the other.

Question 56

The justification for the creation of the costly supermax prison is clear. They were constructed to house "the worst of the worst". .

Question 57

As compared to earlier years, inmate control in prisons today is largely vested in younger inmates and gangs.

Question 58

In many institutions, guards have engaged in "corruption of authority." This means that the guards, for a variety of reasons, have:

A) Begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners.
B) Refrained from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations.
C) Begun directly disobeying orders from superiors.
D) Become members of prison gangs.

Question 59

Opponents of raise the issue of the symbolism surrounding punishment in the form of the uniform and insignia of correctional staff and the judiciary that express the public nature of punishment.

A) Retribution
B) Mass incarceration
C) Probation
D) Privatization

Question 60

Public opinion surveys show that ____ out of every 10 Americans support voting rights for those offenders who have completed their sentence.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 61

Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

Question 62

When did Stateville prison open?

Question 63

Sykes (1958) does not think that the use of offers an adequate basis for prison officers to enforce controls.

Question 64

What is a major argument in favor of the supermax model?

Question 65

Prison personnel face ethical issues because of a conflict between their ______ and custody roles.

Question 66

What new form of incarceration has been a pathway through civil contempt proceedings against court debtors?

Question 67

Discuss the effects that prison overcrowding has had on corrections.

Question 68

One outcome of mass incarceration policies has been:

Question 69

What is the nickname of the article that was published in 1974 and led to the downfall of rehabilitation?

Question 70

Argue for or against the use of private prisons.

Question 71

The notion that an inmate subculture exists was first proposed by:

Question 72

Discuss three principles from the American Correctional Association Code of Ethics. Provide an example of a prison situation to which each principle would apply.

Question 73

Define the "corruption of authority" problem for correctional guards and present one example.

Question 74

Give an example of a supermax prison.

Question 75

Discuss, describe, compare and contrast the typical American prison