Deck 17: Caring for Others Kohlberg and Gilligan

Question 1

Gilligan (1982) also sees women as developing through stages.

A) Relationships
B) Love
C) Moral appreciation
D) Sympathy

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Based on his studies, Kohlberg concluded that people pass through different stages of moral development, which are __________, operate in sequence, and are irreversible.

A) Emergent
B) Divisible
C) Universal
D) Compartmentalized

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Hinman's (1998), which of the following is not one of the criticisms feminists have made of classical and traditional moral philosophies:

A) They assume the notion of the isolated individual
B) They envisage the objective of moral philosophy as theorizing and explaining how individuals ought to treat each other
C) They argue that females do not commit as many moral violations as believed
D) They rely on theories concerning the development of a social contract as a way for a person to enter into moral relationships

Answer 3

C

Question 4

At the earliest stage of individuals' lives, Kohlberg theorized the emphasis is on:

A) their family
B) themselves and their self-interest
C) their community
D) their role in society

Question 5

Which of the following are levels in Gilligan's (1982) theory of moral development?

A) conventional morality
B) orientation to individual survival
C) rights and responsibilities
D) personal relationships

Question 6

According to Gilligan (1982), as compared to that of women, men's moral orientations are more concerned with:

A) Everyday problems
B) Rights and autonomy
C) Caring and responsibility
D) Interpersonal relationships

Question 7

Gilligan (1982) argues that in their moral decision-making , women focus on:

A) Relationships
B) Treating everyone fairly
C) Impartiality
D) All of the above

Question 8

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at the 6^th and highest stage there is a:

A) Strong desire to avoid punishment which motivates ethical behavior
B) Concentration on internalized principles of ethics
C) Strong norm of reciprocity
D) reliance on universal ethical principles of justice, reciprocity, etc.

Question 9

Which stage/level of Kohlberg's theory embodies the attitude "you do a favor for me, and I will do one for you"?

A) Punishment and obedience
B) Reciprocity
C) Conventional morality
D) Postconventional morality

Question 10

According to Gilligan (1982), as compared to that of men, women's moral orientations are more concerned with:

A) Caring and relationships
B) Abstract rights and principles
C) Freedom and autonomy
D) Abstract and hypothetical situations

Question 11

Feminists have criticized male-created theories of ethics on the basis that such theories overemphasize:

A) The individual, impartiality and universality
B) Compassion, autonomy and rules
C) Consecutiveness, equality and non-violence
D) Caring, relationships and consecutiveness

Question 12

Stage four of Kohlberg's theory focuses on:

A) Individual rights are accepted and reviewed in response to critical discussion
B) The emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules
C) The child aims to be a good person in his or her own eyes and in the eyes of others where personal relationships are paramount
D) Showing a law and order mentality where the child/adult follows authority rules

Question 13

Women judge after considering the suffering of other people.

A) Relationships
B) Moral issues
C) Autonomy
D) Caring

Question 14

Kohlberg wanted to understand why people would:

A) treat others will such little respect
B) break a law for a purpose they held to be a higher good
C) differentiate between morals, virtues, and character
D) none of these

Question 15

Which stage/level of Kohlberg's theory is dominated by the desire to avoid punishment?

A) Punishment and obedience
B) Reciprocity
C) Conventional morality
D) Postconventional morality

Question 16

Gilligan believes that men apply rules fairly, impartially, and equally, while women are more likely to try to resolve issues by seeking solutions that:

A) involve conflict
B) focus on generosity
C) maintain relationships
D) develop morality

Question 17

Feminists complain that traditional moral theories do not pay sufficient attention to:

A) trust and community
B) equality and justice
C) community morality
D) relationships and trust

Question 18

According to Kohlberg's model, what is the highest level can women achieve because they are focused on others?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth

Question 19

Kohlberg conducted studies of moral development based on children's responses to various scenarios. He was most interested in their:

A) moral judgments
B) moral content
C) moral theories
D) moral upbringing

Question 20

Stage three of Kohlberg's theory focuses on:

A) Individual rights are accepted and reviewed in response to critical discussion
B) The emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules
C) The child aims to be a good person in his or her own eyes and in the eyes of others where personal relationships are paramount
D) Showing a law and order mentality where the child/adult follows authority rules

Question 21

The second transition of Gilligan's (1982), focuses on:

A) Women begin to become aware of their responsibility for others' well-being
B) Social norms and consensus are the basis for moral judgments and concern for others, especially others' feelings, and the possibility of hurting others is of major concern
C) Women now understand that care includes caring for themselves as well as others
D) Individual survival is paramount , and moral considerations are relevant only when one's own needs are in conflict

Question 22

According to West (1997), caring should be central to the meaning of:

A) legal justice
B) peacemaking
C) developmental theory
D) personal relationships

Question 23

Nodding (1984) argues that one approach in finding justice in a case would be to ask:

A) What if this were my child?
B) What result would be dictated by feminist theory?
C) Are males and females being treated equally?
D) Are male or female values appropriate here?

Question 24

Fuller (1998) designed a pyramid of concepts involved in peacemaking. The foundation of the pyramid is:

A) Care
B) Compassion
C) Equality
D) Non-violence

Question 25

The conclusion Gilligan (1982) reached was that the caring approach is an equally valid moral perspective that has:

A) Generally been ignored in both moral theory and psychological research because of male bias
B) Thrived in both male and female research circles
C) Provided insights into the workings of female morality
D) All of the above

Question 26

Gilligan termed her conclusion that men and women differ in terms of voices by terming the different voice evidenced among females:

A) Caring approach
B) Notion of care
C) Ethic of care
D) Perspective of care

Question 27

Fuller (1998) designed a pyramid of concepts that he believed are essential in criminology.

A) Peacemaking
B) Peacekeeping
C) Warmaking
D) Social justice

Question 28

Both Gilligan (1982) and Noddings (1984) argue that women resort less to than men and are more likely to want concrete rather than abstract reasoning.

A) Rules and principles
B) Love and caring
C) Morals and ethics
D) Responsibility and duties

Question 29

One commentator suggests that the ethics of _________ and care are interdependent and interrelated and are each necessary conditions of the other.

A) fairness
B) compassion
C) justice
D) belonging

Question 30

What is an element considered critical in ethical decision-making with a focus on relationships with others?

A) Connectiveness
B) Caring
C) Mindfulness
D) Inclusion

Question 31

West (1997) concludes that images appear to be oppositional to images of justice.

A) Love
B) Care
C) Responsibility
D) Sharing

Question 32

Ruddick contends that the act of itself generates a conception of virtue and that this experience is central to women's ethical life.

A) Love
B) Mothering
C) Empathy
D) Compassion

Question 33

It might also be argued that women might be to an approach that emphasizes caring because of the social role that they have traditionally performed.

A) Less attracted
B) More attracted
C) Somewhat attracted
D) None of the above

Question 34

Held (1987) understands _______________ as central and fundamental to social relationships and argues that morality ought to make room for this social bond.

A) Spouses
B) Mothering
C) Nuclear families
D) Family

Question 35

The second level of Gilligan's (1982), focuses on:

A) Women begin to become aware of their responsibility for others' well-being
B) Social norms and consensus are the basis for moral judgments and concern for others, especially others' feelings, and the possibility of hurting others is of major concern
C) Women now understand that care includes caring for themselves as well as others
D) Individual survival is paramount , and moral considerations are relevant only when one's own needs are in conflict

Question 36

What means that we are not simply isolated individuals but rather are linked to all other human beings, animals, and the environment?

A) Connectiveness
B) Caring
C) Mindfulness
D) Inclusion

Question 37

John Fuller has designed a pyramid of concepts that he believes constitutes peacemaking criminology; and the crucial concept that makes up the foundation of the pyramid is:

A) nonviolence
B) inclusion
C) ascertainable criteria
D) correct means

Question 38

Some of Gilligan's critics argue that her ethical theory is merely an aspect of __________ ethics.

A) Kantian
B) Virtue
C) Utilitarian
D) Egoistic

Question 39

Robin West (1997) argues that the criminal justice system must not only seek justice, but must also show:

A) Concern for the rights of female defendants
B) Concern for the rights of female victims
C) Compassion and care
D) Dedication to the doctrine of precedent

Question 40

How does the ethic of caring differ from traditional ethics?

A) the ethic of care relies on rules to assess the morality of right or wrong
B) the ethics of care regards rules as determinants
C) we should respond caringly to those with whom we interact in life
D) follows the specific principle of caring for others

Question 41

In an ethics of care or peacemaking approach to solving ethical dilemmas the first step is to identify the options. The second step is to identify:

A) The costs and benefits of each option
B) The particular virtues served by each option
C) The particular relationships involved
D) The consequences of each option

Question 42

Most ethical theories created by males require identifying the particular relationships involved in the ethical dilemma.

Question 43

Kohlberg concluded that most people achieve only the third of six moral stages

Question 44

Women are more likely to try to resolve issues by seeking solutions that apply rules fairly, impartially, and equally.

Question 45

After non-violence the second most important principle in the peacemaking pyramid is social justice.

Question 46

Pepinsky (1999) sees two contrary approaches toward social control in the forms of:

A) imperatives and hypotheticals
B) making and keeping
C) war making and peacemaking
D) rights and responsibilities

Question 47

The level of Fuller's (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology that focuses on criteria that must be understood, considered valid, and be trustworthy to all concerned parties is:

A) Inclusion
B) Correct means
C) Ascertainable criteria
D) Categorical imperative

Question 48

Feminist ethical theorists argue that the field of ethics is biased because the field has been dominated by male philosophers.

Question 49

The foundation of Fuller's (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology is:

A) Nonviolence
B) Social justice
C) Inclusion
D) Correct means

Question 50

"Mindfulness" is advocated by peacekeeping criminologists. This term basically means thinking about how our actions affect the needs of others in the long term.

Question 51

Which of the following are principles identified by Pepinsky (1999) that are advocated in social control solutions?

A) Taking time to review one's feelings
B) Making a deliberate attempt to draw out victims and hear their stories
C) To join with those who have no voice in confronting those who hold the power
D) All of the above

Question 52

Braswell and Gold's version of peacemaking theory stresses connectiveness, caring and mindfulness.

Question 53

According to Kohlberg's model, women can achieve only the second level, because they are focused on caring for others.

Question 54

The apex of Fuller's (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology is formed by the concept created by Immanuel Kant:

A) Inclusion
B) Correct means
C) Ascertainable criteria
D) Categorical imperative

Question 55

Fuller (1998) links social control to:

A) Peacemaking
B) Peacekeeping
C) Warmaking
D) Social justice

Question 56

Peacemaking criminologists do not seek elimination of the death penalty.

Question 57

Gilligan and Kohlberg have shown that moral:

A) Conceptions for males and females are identical
B) Rules tend to work against females
C) Dilemmas are solved the same way in spite of gender differences
D) Development varies according to gender

Question 58

Feminist ethical theorists tend to support the social contract theory of society.

Question 59

The second level of Fuller's (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology that:

A) Nonviolence
B) Social justice
C) Inclusion
D) Correct means

Question 60

The level of Fuller's (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology that means there must be participation by all concerned parties in solutions is:

A) Nonviolence
B) Social justice
C) Inclusion
D) Correct means

Question 61

Kohlberg posed a number of questions to the participants in his study, including a problem known as:

Question 62

An affirms the priority we give as a matter of course to our family and close friends and goes beyond the notion that being a loving parent is simply a duty.

Question 63

Gilligan argues that in their moral decision making, women focus on and on feelings of empathy and compassion, and women are situationally oriented.

Question 64

Fuller and other peacemaking criminologists argue that "peacemaking" should not be confused with the similar word "_________."

Question 65

Braswell and Gold suggest that the three basic aspects of peacemaking are connectiveness, caring and _______.

Question 66

Peacemaking criminologist Harold Pepinsky writes: "Peacemaking is the art and science of weaving and reweaving oneself with others into a social fabric of mutual love, respect and concern." Can this theory be incorporated into the criminal justice system? Explain your position and provide examples.

Question 67

Discuss the four principles Pepinsky advocates in social control solutions.

Question 68

One ethics of care advocate writes: "The father might sacrifice his own child in fulfilling a principle: the mother might sacrifice any principle to preserve her child." What is the meaning and implication of these two approaches when applied to the criminal justice system? Please provide examples.

Question 69

Peacemaking criminologists advocate the elimination of excessive force and _______ punishment from the criminal justice system.

Question 70

Is there any place for retribution in peacemaking criminology? Explain your position and provide examples?

Question 71

What is the first, or lowest level, of Kohlberg's moral development model?

Question 72

The second step in solving an ethical dilemma using peacemaking and care approaches is to identify all the particular ________ involved.

Question 73

Fuller and Pepinsky are theorists associated with a version of criminology called _______ criminology.

Question 74

What are the five steps in applying the ethics of care to an ethical problem?

Question 75

One criticism of care theory is that it is incapable of acting as a stand-alone theory and is best viewed as a supplement to the _______ ethics.