Deck 10: Ethics and the War on Terrorism Defining Terrorism

Question 1

Many definitions of "terrorism" exclude "state terrorism." State terrorism is terrorism:

A) Against a state in the United States.
B) Committed by government, sometimes against its own people.
C) By one part of government against another part of the same government.
D) By the military against a civilian government.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Much of the debate on the ethics of the war on terror has centered on how to balance:

A) The demands of U.S. and international law.
B) The requirements of statutes and inconsistent treaties.
C) The conflicting goals of security and punishment.
D) The need to provide security and still protect rights.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

is problematic to define and has a number of official and legal definitions.

A) Murder
B) Rape
C) Terrorism
D) Treason

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Decisions to wage war under the just war doctrine require that the justice of opting for war is determined by whether a proposed war satisfies a number of criteria, including the following:

A) It is properly authorized
B) It is a last resort
C) It is motivated by right intention
D) All of the above

Question 5

Some advocate that terrorists through their actions have forfeited constitutional and human rights, and that the government can follow the policy of:

A) The ends justify the means
B) Two wrongs do not make a right
C) Let whatever happens happen
D) Retribution

Question 6

Following 9/11 Congress passed the ________ Act which gave government new powers and arguably threatened constitutional rights.

A) Anti-Terrorism
B) Iraq and Afghanistan Liberation
C) Patriot
D) International Crime Control

Question 7

Unlike criminals, terrorists have:

A) Rigorous training
B) Political motivations
C) Psychiatric problems
D) A higher recidivism rate

Question 8

Proponents of the____________________ approach to the war argue that prisoners arrested following 9/11 are to be considered prisoners of war (POWs) until a competent tribunal determines otherwise.

A) Bush strategy
B) Obama strategy
C) Human Rights Convention
D) Geneva convention

Question 9

Wilkinson's (2001) "hard-line approach" model includes all of the following elements except:

A) Government must avoid overreaction
B) Government must focus the war predominantly on creating intelligence
C) Government must avoid underreaction
D) Intelligence agencies must be responsible to civilian authorities and be fully accountable

Question 10

Rather than view terrorism as a war or national security problem, some authors suggest that we might better view terrorism as a:

A) Religious conflict.
B) Political conflict.
C) Criminal justice or law enforcement matter.
D) problem or resource distribution

Question 11

Which of the following is not a command to followers or goal of Al Qaeda?

A) Set up an Islamist caliphate comprised of Muslims everywhere.
B) Kill U.S. citizens, civilian or military, everywhere.
C) Conquer the world and peaceably convert all to Islam.
D) Topple Muslim governments which fail to practice true Islam.

Question 12

Wilkinson (2001) points to several risks of adopting a war like approach. Which of the following is not one of those risks?

A) Danger that military response could provoke wider conflict involving diminished focus on relevant terrorist group in favor of broader multistate strategy
B) Danger that the death of innocent civilians will diminish international sympathy for the victim state and shift the moral high ground away from that state
C) Danger that military action will give rise to expectation of a total failure of defeat of terrorism
D) Probability of death or injury of members of the civilian population given the lethality of modern weaponry and firepower

Question 13

Which of the following are associated with terrorism:

A) Irrationality
B) Judgment
C) Fanaticism
D) Both a and c

Question 14

The British have introduced intended to impede the planning of terrorist attacks by placing restriction on suspected persons' freedom of movement and association.

A) Control orders
B) Active orders
C) Freedom orders
D) Liberation orders

Question 15

Blum and Heymann (2010) suggest that a new paradigm that is neither warfare nor is required because international terrorism does not easily fit within either alternative paradigm.

A) Federally
B) Internationally
C) Law enforcement
D) All of the above

Question 16

Which of the following are ways we differentiate a war on terrorism from regular warfare?

A) The nature of the enemy
B) The location of hostilities
C) The type of tactics employed
D) All of these

Question 17

Which of the following are reasons for adopting the war paradigm?

A) It permits the employment of warlike measures concurrently with law enforcement measures
B) It enables the executive branch of government to exercise wide powers under the authority of the president as commander- in- chief
C) It gives the executive the leverage to demand almost any resources in the furtherance of winning the war
D) All of these

Question 18

What act has been described as having been "passed in response to a largely undefined threat from a poorly understood source"?

A) War Against Terrorism
B) Freedom Act
C) Patriot Act
D) 9/11 Act

Question 19

As part of the war on terror, the U.S. government has detained individuals at _______, on the Island of Cuba, and denied them many of the usual rights granted to criminal suspects.

A) Guantanamo Bay
B) Mariel
C) Havana
D) the Bay of Pigs

Question 20

Peter Manning (2006) notes a package of measures forming part of the overall counterterrorist strategy impacting rights and freedoms, including:

A) New screening procedures for passengers boarding aircraft
B) Establishing a federal directorate of intelligence
C) Consolidating data gathered at immigration and customs locations
D) All of the above

Question 21

Applying a consequentialist approach to the ethics of counterterrorist measures means asking whether such measures:

A) Are consistent with international law.
B) Will render the U.S. more secure in the long run.
C) Are consistent with constitutional rights.
D) Will require violations of basic human rights.

Question 22

Ignatieff (2004) argued that a democracy responding to terrorism without destroying the values for which it stands would:

A) Prohibit certain torture
B) Prohibit illegal detention
C) Prohibit unlawful assassination
D) All of the above

Question 23

Applying a consequentialist approach to counterterrorism means:

A) Not worrying about the consequences
B) Asking whether there will be any consequences to our anti-terrorism policies
C) Asking whether our policies will render citizens more secure in the long term
D) Accepting the unavoidable consequences of our policies

Question 24

Brecher (2007) critiques the as a "fantasy derived from philosophers' thought-experiments which are usually designed to test the limits of moral theory."

A) Slippery slope
B) Terrorism scenario
C) Ticking bomb scenario
D) Slippery slope scenario

Question 25

Some argue that, both politically and morally, a government facing a terrorist threat must avoid:

A) Legal restrictions, such as the Geneva Conventions
B) Establishing such categories as "enemy combatants."
C) Appearing to be "soft" on terrorism
D) Repressive overreaction

Question 26

Famed defense attorney Alan Dershowitz has suggested that torture might be applied and regulated through:

A) Torture warrants issued by the courts.
B) Ombudsmen.
C) Administrative regulations.
D) International agreements.

Question 27

Wilson (2005) sees a distinct policy between security and rights.

A) Impact
B) Dichotomy
C) Problem
D) Question

Question 28

arguments were adopted by the Landau Commission of Enquiry in Israel in 1987.

A) Cosequentialist
B) Deontologist
C) Absolutist
D) Relativist

Question 29

Torture is a federal crime punishable by up to years in prison.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 30

National security measures must pass:

A) International obligations
B) Individual dignity
C) The conservative test
D) Extrajudicial execution

Question 31

Some believe that anti-terrorist activities that lead to operational excesses may nevertheless be morally justified under the principle of "double effect," meaning:

A) An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally impermissible
B) An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally permissible
C) The activities are morally permissible if they produce two effects, so long as one is morally permissible.
D) The activities are only morally impermissible if they produce two effects, both of which are morally impermissible

Question 32

Proponents of in relation to torture are commonly confronted with the TBS as a counterargument.

A) Ethical absolutism
B) Moral absolutism
C) Ethical pluralism
D) Cultural relativism

Question 33

The "ticking bomb" argument attempts to justify:

A) Torture during interrogation
B) Invading foreign countries
C) Restricting rights during criminal processing of terrorist defendants
D) Accidental killing of civilian non-terrorists

Question 34

Some point to some of the issues raised by the ticking bomb argument, such as:

A) It suggests there is a known threat
B) There is a need for immediate action because it is certain that the bomb will explode
C) It be essential that the person we intend to torture be the maker of the threat
D) All of the above

Question 35

What torture methods includes full body ducking of prisoners strapped to a board and to pour icy water over a cloth placed over the face of a prisoner who is strapped down?

A) Impalement
B) Starvation
C) Waterboarding
D) Crucifixion

Question 36

Nonabsolutist would support torture in what are deemed to be "catastrophic" situations.

A) Cosequentialists
B) Deontologists
C) Absolutists
D) Relativists

Question 37

is seen by many ethicists as a key issue, and many advocate no restrictions on rights they believe to be basic and inviolable such as the prohibition against torture.

A) Liberty
B) Striking a balance
C) Coercion
D) Democracy

Question 38

Some oppose the "ticking time bomb" argument as a justification for torture because:

A) It negates the autonomy and dignity of the individual
B) It is not likely to happen as its proponents claim
C) It is not a realistic scenario
D) It is a slippery slope, which could expand its use in other circumstances

Question 39

Another serious ethical issue is whether the U.S. should allow ______ of alleged enemy combatants detained at Guantanamo Bay.

A) International rendition
B) Allegorization
C) Canonization
D) Interrogation involving torture

Question 40

Waldron (2010) states that is only half a reason for modifying civil liberties.

A) Justice
B) War
C) Fear
D) Coercion

Question 41

U.S. practice on seems to have begun with the efforts of the CIA to kill Fidel Castro and continued into the Vietnam War with plots to assassinate the president of South Vietnam and with the Phoenix Program, designed to kill Vietcong leaders.

A) Warfare
B) Anti-terrorism
C) Justifiable warfare
D) Targeted assassinations

Question 42

The deployment of drones increased between 2008 and 2011.

A) twofold
B) Threefold
C) by 6%
D) by 10%

Question 43

The ticking bomb argument is used to justify torture during interrogation of dangerous terrorists.

Question 44

Employing the as a counterterrorist strategy enabled administration lawyers to differentiate attacks targeting terrorists from banned assassinations and to rationalize such targeting as lawful operations against enemy combatants.

A) Drone paradigm
B) Enemy paradigm
C) War paradigm
D) Terrorism paradigm

Question 45

Self-defense is authorized under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.

Question 46

The only legal model of torture that exists is in use in Columbia.

Question 47

Terrorists are also termed combatants:

A) Justifiable
B) Intelligence
C) Unlawful
D) Warfare

Question 48

The federal government has adopted a criminal justice/law enforcement to the problem of terrorism.

Question 49

Our understanding of the concept of national security will necessarily shape an assessment of the morality of measures intended to secure it.

Question 50

The requires that damage inflicted by a drone attack should not be disproportionate to the benefit to be gained by inflicting it.

A) Principle of targeting
B) Principle of proportionality
C) Principle of attack
D) Principle of targeting

Question 51

The only legal model of torture used is in:

A) Iraq
B) Israel
C) China
D) Russia

Question 52

What is the best known weaponized drone?

A) Predator
B) Terminator
C) Cyclops
D) Khan

Question 53

Which of the following are the ethical arguments against targeted killing?

A) Assassination is an immoral act and a form of politically motivated murder outside the bounds of the conventions of war and morality.
B) Assassination violates U.S. values and principles because it is done in secret and is a display of the exercise of overbearing state power against individuals.
C) Targeted killing calls into question the morality of U.S. foreign policy, which stresses human rights and democracy.
D) All of these

Question 54

Brecher (2007) suggests that the occupation of torturer would radically reconfigure people's conceptions of everyday decency.

A) Legitimizing
B) Demonizing
C) Prohibiting
D) All of the above

Question 55

There is one universally accepted practical and legal definition of "terrorism."

Question 56

Defense attorney Alan Dershowitz advocates use of judicially granted "torture warrants" to justify severe punishment of convicted terrorists.

Question 57

Proponents of moral absolutism in relation to torture are commonly confronted with the ticking bomb scenario as a counterargument to moral absolutism.

Question 58

A consequentialist approach to the ethical issues in the war on terrorism asks if it is worth sacrificing freedom and rights for security.

Question 59

What refers to warfare involving death on a large scale and for some great purpose?

A) Justified warfare
B) Heroic warfare
C) Grand warfare
D) Historic warfare

Question 60

One of the goals of Al Qaeda is to kill U.S. citizens, military and civilian no matter where they are found.

Question 61

What has been applied to full body ducking of prisoners strapped to a board and to pour icy water over a cloth placed over the face of a prisoner?

Question 62

Terrorism conducted by governments against their own people or persons in other countries is termed ________.

Question 63

Discuss Ginbar's (2008) principal arguments challenging the absolutist perspective that torture ought to be entirely prohibited. What is your perspective?

Question 64

Many definitions of terrorism include an element that the crimes are committed for religious, political or ideological ________.

Question 65

Although it is allegedly being used during interrogation of suspected terrorists, ________ is a crime under federal law.

Question 66

One of the goals of Al Qaeda is to create an ________ composed of Muslims everywhere.

Question 67

The primary federal statute authorizing the current war on terrorism is the _______ Act.

Question 68

The issue of targeted killing highlights _____.

Question 69

What would a legal model of torture look like?

Question 70

Describe and discuss the ticking bomb argument. Do you think it can justify torture of dangerous, captured terrorists? Briefly explain your position.

Question 71

The British met the challenge of the tension between security and the criminal justice model by establishing intended to impede the planning of terrorist attacks by placing restrictions on suspected persons' freedom of movement and association.

Question 72

Discuss, describe compare and contrast the criminal justice/law enforcement approach to terrorism and the war/military approach. Please give one example of a policy for each approach. For each example, discuss one potential ethical issue.

Question 73

Italy had a problem with which terrorist group during the 1970s?

Question 74

What are the goals of Al Qaeda? In your opinion, given these goals, should the war on terrorism take a war/military approach or a law-enforcement/criminal justice approach? Please explain your position and provide examples.

Question 75

What scenario has become a standard argument for the policy that torture is justified?