Deck 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

A) Other-conscious
B) Conscientious
C) Regulated
D) Synchronous

Answer 1

Synchronous

Question 2

A recent study examined the synchronous relationship between maternal responses and infants. Mothers were separated from their baby, given a task, and as part of the study were selected to receive a positive or negative evaluation. Those with the negative evaluation, experiencing negative emotions, had infants who:

A) smiled more and had a decreased heart rate.
B) displayed similar negative emotions as evidenced by increases in heart rate.
C) were more likely to giggle when reunited with the mother.
D) were likely to seek out an alternate caregiver when reunited with the mother.

Answer 2

displayed similar negative emotions as evidenced by increases in heart rate.

Question 3

When toddlers hear their parents quarreling, they

A) often increase their level of play.
B) often react with distress.
C) are oblivious to what their parents are doing.
D) smile more than usual.

Answer 3

often react with distress.

Question 4

Evette's little brother has smeared pureed carrots on his face. Evette asked her mother, "Doesn't he know he looks stupid?" While Evette is capable of _____ emotions, her little brother has not yet developed this ability.

A) primary
B) other-referenced
C) self-conscious
D) conscientious

Question 5

Haleigh has learned that when she waves her hands and smiles to show happiness, others around her show happiness, too. This adaptive interaction demonstrates the role of emotions in:

A) independence.
B) cognition.
C) sensation.
D) behavioral organization.

Question 6

Babies' first forms of emotional communication, particularly with parents, are:

A) crying and smiling.
B) frowning and crying.
C) frowning and smiling.
D) smirking and frowning.

Question 7

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

A) cognition.
B) communication.
C) sensation.
D) suckling.

Question 8

When infants become stressed, they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers:

A) ignore the infant's responses.
B) give the infants something sweet to eat.
C) engage in sensitive caregiving with them.
D) focus on stressors in the environment.

Question 9

Emotions are influenced by both _____ foundations and by personal experiences.

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) physical
D) desires

Question 10

_____ are emotions that appear in infants older than six months.

A) Joy, fear, and disgust
B) Anger, interest, and disgust
C) Fear, surprise, and sadness
D) Pride, guilt, and embarrassment

Question 11

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a play-date and teases her about wearing night-time diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions.

A) primary
B) other-referenced
C) other-conscious
D) conscious

Question 12

Which of the following statements about emotions is TRUE?

A) Emotions have exclusively a biological foundation.
B) A caregiver's mental state, such as when depressed, is not a factor in a child's emotional development.
C) Emotion-linked interactions are not associated with attachment.
D) Children who are blind from birth show the same facial expressions as children who can view others' facial expressions.

Question 13

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

A) independence.
B) cognition.
C) sensation.
D) behavioral organization.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

A) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
B) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.
C) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
D) They depend on brain and cognitive development that usually occurs after 12 months of age.

Question 15

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

A) The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.
B) Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first year.
C) The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.
D) Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.

Question 16

Feelings that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as:

A) temperament.
B) emotions.
C) personality traits.
D) feeling states.

Question 17

Cornell is only a few months old, but he is able to use emotions to show when he's interested in something and when he is afraid. His emotions are filling the necessary role of:

A) cognition.
B) communication.
C) sensation.
D) personalization.

Question 18

As parents change their emotional expressions in response to their infants, the infants also modify their emotional expressions in response. These mutually regulated responses are described as:

A) other-conscious or conscientious.
B) reciprocal or synchronous.
C) asynchronous or unreciprocal.
D) unregulated or unconscious.

Question 19

Which of the following are "other-conscious" emotions?

A) Interest, surprise, and joy
B) Pride, shame, and guilt
C) Disgust, fear, and anger
D) Fear, interest, and sadness

Question 20

In the first six months infants show the emotions of:

A) shame, interest, and sadness.
B) embarrassment, guilt, and jealousy.
C) jealousy, empathy, and shame.
D) fear, anger, and joy.

Question 21

Nakita is eight months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____.

A) fear
B) embarrassment
C) jealousy
D) pride

Question 22

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:

A) trust smiling.
B) social smiling.
C) reflexive smiling.
D) attachment smiling.

Question 23

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:

A) experiencing pain.
B) experiencing embarrassment.
C) very angry.
D) very hungry.

Question 24

Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling?

A) It does not occur in response to external stimuli.
B) It appears during the first month after birth.
C) It usually appears during sleep.
D) The external stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants.

Question 25

In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of:

A) infinite generativity.
B) social referencing.
C) deferred imitation.
D) reciprocal socialization.

Question 26

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

A) fear of heights.
B) separation protest.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) fear of live animals.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

A) It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
B) The first cry verifies that the baby's lungs have filled with air.
C) It provides information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D) Newborns do not respond to the crying of other babies.

Question 28

The development of _____ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger.

A) infinite generativity
B) deferred imitation
C) social referencing
D) reciprocal socialization

Question 29

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

A) Social referencing
B) Deferred imitation
C) Infinite generativity
D) Reciprocal socialization

Question 30

Katrina is introducing her baby, Joshua, to his Aunt Kaite for the first time. While Kaite suggested meeting at a local toy store, Katrina thought it would be best for Joshua to meet this stranger:

A) at the neighborhood playground.
B) at a family-style restaurant.
C) at his home.
D) at a quiet coffeeshop.

Question 31

A study of four different cultures-Antiguan, Guatemalan, African Bushman, and Israeli Kibbutz-found that separation protest peaked at about age:

A) 2 to 3 years.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 13 to 15 months.
D) 5 to 6 years.

Question 32

Higher maternal effortful control and positive emotionality has been linked to:

A) an increase in the fear response of infants.
B) an increase in reflexive smiling.
C) an increase in crying.
D) an increase in infant smiling and laughter.

Question 33

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

A) private
B) reflexive
C) natural
D) social

Question 34

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant will:

A) discourage the infant from engaging in reciprocal socialization.
B) cause the infant to become insecurely attached to the caregiver.
C) help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver.
D) reinforce the display of anger crying.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests?

A) The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest varied across cultures.
B) Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C) It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 13 to 15 months.
D) It peaks at about 19 months among U.S. infants.

Question 36

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) The anger cry
B) The hunger cry
C) The pain cry
D) The basic cry

Question 37

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

A) more stranger anxiety
B) no separation protest
C) less stranger anxiety
D) more separation protest

Question 38

Shayla just found out that her infant's doctor is leaving, so her son, Thomas, will see a new doctor this time. To ease stranger anxiety, Shayla suggests that:

A) she sit in the examination room with Thomas on her lap before the new doctor comes in.
B) it would be best for Thomas to be alone with the doctor to bond.
C) the doctor first ignore Thomas, showing no facial emotion for a while.
D) a nurse take Thomas in to see the doctor.

Question 39

In which of the following situations will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

A) When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home
B) When she meets another nine-month-old baby at her home
C) When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place
D) When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place

Question 40

Separation protest is characterized by:

A) rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B) crying when the caregiver shouts.
C) crying when the caregiver leaves.
D) indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.

Question 41

When placed in his bed for the night, after a little crying and whimpering, a 20-month-old was overhead saying, "Go sleep, Randy. Okay." This is an example of:

A) infinite generativity.
B) reciprocal socialization.
C) deferred imitation.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 42

Temperament is directly related to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) self-referencing.
B) reactivity.
C) self-regulation.
D) emotion.

Question 43

Shelby has adjusted to the observation that his daughter, Drew, is a _____. Drew is much quieter than most of the other children, watches more than she plays, and doesn't show happiness as much as the others.

A) slow-to-warm-up baby
B) easy baby
C) difficult baby
D) inflexible baby

Question 44

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 55%

Question 45

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) inflexible

Question 46

Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n):

A) passive child.
B) easy child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child.
D) inhibited child.

Question 47

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) inflexible

Question 48

Noah has noticed a difference in his two daughters in that one can calm herself and gain control over her emotions rather quickly, and the other has trouble regaining any control over intense emotions. He is noticing a difference in their:

A) self-referencing.
B) reactivity.
C) self-regulation.
D) emotion.

Question 49

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. According to Chess and Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?

A) Slow-to-warm-up
B) Easy
C) Difficult
D) Inflexible

Question 50

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, the infant is exhibiting:

A) the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
B) the ability to increase distress reactions from her parents.
C) the lack of emotional inhibition.
D) the early signs of an intellectual disability.

Question 51

Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Chess and Thomas, he would be classified as a(n):

A) easy child.
B) difficult child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child.
D) slow child.

Question 52

Trystan has adjusted to the observation that his son, Tony, is a _____. Tony seldom sleeps or eats by any predictable routine, and he really dislikes any new situation.

A) slow-to-warm-up baby
B) easy baby
C) difficult baby
D) inflexible baby

Question 53

According to developmental psychologists, the best time to soothe infants is:

A) right after they have become mildly distressed.
B) right after they have become severely distressed.
C) right before they get into an intense, agitated state.
D) the next day, because they are likely to be calm by then.

Question 54

Wanda is watching her daughter playing with a same-aged cousin at a birthday party. While her cousin immediately started singing and moving around when the birthday cake and candles appeared, Wanda's daughter was more subdued, watching from the corner. Wanda is noticing a difference in their:

A) self-referencing.
B) reactivity.
C) self-regulation.
D) emotion.

Question 55

Stephen is taking his infant son, Todd, to the clinic today. He knows this is stressful for Todd, so he:

A) waits until the checkup is over, and then starts soothing behaviors to calm Todd's emotions.
B) waits until Todd realizes what is happening and gets distressed, and then starts using soothing behaviors.
C) starts to soothe Todd's emotions by gently patting his back and singing before they enter the clinic.
D) engages in soothing behaviors that evening, reminding Todd of the event and using soothing behaviors.

Question 56

_____ can be defined as an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally.

A) Attachment
B) Temperament
C) Perception
D) Social referencing

Question 57

Quimby, age 15 months, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in:

A) social checking.
B) social repetition.
C) social referencing.
D) social validation.

Question 58

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

A) 25%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 55%

Question 59

Skylar is home with her 15-month-old daughter, Riley, when she hears angry voices outside. Skylar picks up Riley, goes to the window, and sees neighbors having a heated argument. Riley, seeing that her mother is afraid, immediately starts crying because of her ability to use:

A) social checking.
B) social repetition.
C) social referencing.
D) social validation.

Question 60

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) inflexible

Question 61

Erik Erikson viewed the first year of life as characterized by the _____ stage of development.

A) industry versus inferiority
B) trust versus mistrust
C) initiative versus guilt
D) autonomy versus shame

Question 62

_____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

A) Social referencing
B) Secure attachment
C) Goodness of fit
D) Reciprocal socialization

Question 63

Which of the following would Erik Erikson MOST likely recommend regarding the soothing of a crying infant?

A) Do not soothe the baby because the baby will become spoiled.
B) Pick up and soothe the baby so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C) Allow the baby to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
D) Soothe the baby about every other time so the baby does not become dependent on external comforters.

Question 64

Infant Angela is frustrated. Her ability to wait longer to express her anger and possibly engage in a self-regulatory strategy, such as distraction, will depend on:

A) her effortful control.
B) her biological makeup.
C) the peers she chooses.
D) her intelligence level.

Question 65

Charlotte is watching her son, Devin, get teased by his older brother. She notices that Devin is amazingly patient and seems to be distracting himself by playing with his socks. Rothbart and Bates would say Devin is high in:

A) introversion.
B) effortful control.
C) emotionality.
D) extraversion.

Question 66

Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will MOST likely:

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror, because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.

Question 67

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) low thyroxine levels.
B) a stable heart rate.
C) a high level of the hormone cortisol.
D) a high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

Question 68

Which statement is FALSE regarding Kagan's concept of behavioral inhibition?

A) Inhibited children react to unfamiliar adults but not unfamiliar peers.
B) It focuses on the differences between shy, subdued children and extraverted, bold children.
C) Inhibited behaviors of avoidance and distress begin around seven to nine months of age.
D) Inhibited behaviors in infants have been associated with social anxiety disorder in adolescence.

Question 69

Temperament-sensitive parenting includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) putting the child with better adjusted children for observational learning.
B) structuring the child's environment in a compatible way.
C) avoiding use of negative labeling on the child.
D) providing attention to and respect for individuality.

Question 70

Which statement is FALSE regarding temperament?

A) It is best to view temperament as one dimensional and specific.
B) Infants may vary in self-regulation in ways unrelated to levels of shyness or extraversion.
C) Infants may vary in effortful control in ways unrelated to levels of emotional negativity.
D) With experience children may learn to modify their temperament.

Question 71

Hannah knows that her infant son, William, has a difficult temperament. She is careful to take him to the grocery store in the off-hours when it's not crowded and there's less chance of a stranger trying to interact with him. In terms of temperament-sensitive parenting, Hannah is:

A) exposing William to social situations for observational learning.
B) structuring William's environment in a compatible way.
C) resigned to the fact that he's difficult and always will be.
D) making it likely he will grow up to have a social phobia.

Question 72

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will MOST likely:

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror, because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 73

While Kyle is in the hospital following a car accident, her infant daughter is staying with her sister. Kyle is worried that her sister will not give her daughter enough attention and immediate care when needed. Thinking back to her psychology class and Erikson's stages, Kyle is worried this experience will influence her daughter's development of:

A) initiative.
B) autonomy.
C) industry.
D) trust.

Question 74

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that _____ is an important dimension of temperament because it shows infants' ability (or the lack of it) to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves.

A) introversion
B) effortful control
C) emotionality
D) extraversion

Question 75

Which of the following is not part of the unique physiological pattern that predicts an inhibited temperament?

A) High levels of the hormone testosterone
B) High levels of the hormone cortisol
C) High activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain
D) High and stable heart rate

Question 76

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

A) inhibition to the unfamiliar.
B) positive or negative mood state.
C) effortful control.
D) (hyper)activity level.

Question 77

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

A) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
B) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C) is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D) results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.

Question 78

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of:

A) trust.
B) attachment.
C) temperament.
D) sense of self.

Question 79

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden in their house. Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns:

A) goodness of fit.
B) nonreciprocal interactions.
C) social dysfunction.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 80

In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued.

A) active; inhibited
B) inhibited; active
C) inner focused; outward focused
D) outward focused; inner focused