Deck 5: Socialization

Question 1

Piaget's cognitive theory of development is based on studies of

A) how children of different ages solve problems and make sense of the world.
B) how people's moral development moves from the abstract to concrete situations in which they are directly involved.
C) the different people, groups, and institutions that socialize us
D) the way people move from pure impulse to a balance in which impulse is channeled into socially acceptable forms.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Compared to other animal species, human babies and children

A) Are born independent
B) Become independent at about the same rate
C) Become independent much more quickly
D) Become independent much more slowly

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow found that rhesus monkeys

A) Developed at a similar rate as human infants.
B) That were raised apart from other monkeys had severe physical and emotional problems.
C) Showed strong maternal instinct toward raising their own young, even if they had not been nurtured as infants.
D) Tended to develop much more slowly than human infants

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these best defines the concept of socialization?

A) The process of learning behavior expected of us.
B) Getting together with other people, i.e., socializing.
C) Learning about other societies and how they operate.
D) Formal events such as Confirmation, Bar Mitzvah, or Prom.

Question 5

According to sociology, our identity is formed from

A) Neither nature nor nurture
B) Both nature and nurture.
C) Almost exclusively nature
D) Exclusively nurture.

Question 6

According to philosophers such as John Locke,

A) we are predestined to be good or evil.
B) our identity was created by God and can not be changed.
C) our anatomy and physiology strongly influences our "selves."
D) our environment in early childhood determines what we become.

Question 7

Socialization provides humans with ________.

A) norms, values and beliefs
B) the written rules of social behavior
C) the evidence that nurture is primarily responsible for human development
D) a formal structure for social interaction

Question 8

Socialization occurs

A) Almost exclusively in early childhood
B) Primarily during adolescence
C) In adulthood
D) Throughout our lives

Question 9

What does nature refer to?

A) Our physical makeup.
B) How we grow up.
C) Our sociological makeup.
D) How we learn from our environment.

Question 10

In order to research the importance of socialization on children, sociologists

A) Have studied reports of children isolated from almost all human contact
B) Have conducted experiments in which children are deprived of human contact
C) Have observed children while they are growing up in isolation
D) Have conducted surveys on random samples of feral children.

Question 11

Studies reveal that some socially isolated children ________.

A) can recover with effort and specialized care
B) can easily overcome early isolation
C) usually suffer no lasting damage
D) suffer no deficiencies in intellectual growth

Question 12

Our identity is created by interaction of biology with personal life experiences, illustrating

A) The interaction perspective
B) The either/or perspective
C) The both/and perspective
D) The functionalist perspective

Question 13

In the seventeenth century, British philosophers such as John Locke argued that each of us is born as a tabula rasa,

A) a being shaped by God
B) a person predestined by our biological make-up
C) a blank slate
D) a soul influenced by our past lives

Question 14

Human beings take many years to become independent because

A) they are incapable of independence before adulthood.
B) they are tabula rasa until late adolescence.
C) they are learning skills to survive in their community.
D) they don't; humans become independent much earlier than sociology previously believed.

Question 15

In Mead's theory of socialization, in the game stage,

A) children fill their own positions, without acting the role of others.
B) Children pretend to be specific people or to fill specific statuses.
C) Children learn a repertoire of behaviors of others.
D) Children learn to place value on actions, to locate behavior within a sense of generalized morality.

Question 16

According to Mead, the collection of roles and attitudes that people use as a reference as they figure out how to behave in a given situation are called

A) the generalized other
B) tabula rasa
C) the in-group
D) a status group

Question 17

Prior to the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, philosophers believed that

A) We were born as Tabula Rasa
B) Our identity was created by God along with the natural world
C) We could change our predestination
D) Children were "noble savages," who could be changed by their environment.

Question 18

The examples of Genie and Isabelle show that

A) working class children learn different values than middle class children
B) they learned their female sex roles through the media
C) humans have little or no instinctive knowledge of language, facial expression, and other behaviors we take for granted
D) they were born brain damaged

Question 19

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that our sense of morality develops

A) from the Id to the Ego to the Superego.
B) from the preoperational to the formal operational.
C) as we anticipate the behaviors for the statuses we expect to occupy.
D) from the concrete to the abstract.

Question 20

__________ is the process by which we become aware of ourselves as part of a group, learning how to communicate with others as well as the behavior expected of us.

A) Predestination
B) Socialization
C) Identification
D) Tabula rasa

Question 21

For a long time, sociologists and psychologists considered __________ the central agents of socialization.

A) Family, school, and religion
B) Work, religion, and peers
C) Media, school, and family
D) Government, family, and school

Question 22

In the final formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,

A) children can understand and articulate speech and symbols but can't understand common concepts such as weight
B) children are capable of abstract thought and reasoning
C) children understand causal relationships and concepts but can't reach conclusions through general principles
D) children can understand only what they can see, hear, and touch

Question 23

The people, groups, and institutions that socialize new members are called

A) Primary socializers
B) Socializing influences
C) Agents of socialization
D) Functional imperatives

Question 24

Lee is three years old and loves to be in the role of a teacher. Lee arranges stuffed animals facing a chalkboard, and draws pictures for the stuffed animals to "copy". Which of Mead's stages of development does this exemplify?

A) Imitation
B) Play
C) Game
D) Operational

Question 25

Which scenario best describes the concept of id?

A) you are hungry, but your conscience will not let you steal a candy bar
B) you purchase a candy bar, but wait to eat it until you leave the store
C) you grab and eat a candy bar in a store because you are hungry
D) you are hungry, and you talk your friend into buying you a candy bar

Question 26

In Sigmund Freud's theory of sexual development, the self consists of three elements, in order,

A) Ego, id, superego
B) Id, superego, ego
C) Id, ego, superego
D) Superego, id, ego

Question 27

Family, religion, schools, peers, and the workplace are all examples of

A) functional imperatives.
B) agents of socialization.
C) informal roles.
D) the sociological perspective.

Question 28

When people move into a new status with different values, behaviors, and attitudes, they experience

A) anticipatory socialization
B) cognitive socialization
C) resocialization
D) primary socialization

Question 29

Stages in the life course

A) Are fixed, the same everywhere
B) Vary widely from culture to culture
C) Are ascribed roles
D) Vary from culture to culture, but within each particular culture, are the same for people of all status groups.

Question 30

SNS - Social Networking Sites - have become important in the socialization influence of peer groups on adolescents. The use of SNS

A) Varies by race, class, and ethnicity
B) Is similar among most adolescents.
C) Is NOT related to social class position.
D) Is highest among the lower socioeconomic classes.

Question 31

Mass media connects people all around the world, while allowing us to interact in groups that fit our particular demographic niches. The simultaneous phenomena of bringing us together and fragmenting us illustrate what perspective?

A) Macro fragmentation
B) Both/and
C) Symbolic structuralism
D) Either/or

Question 32

In addition to the three agents of socialization considered central by psychologists and sociologists, children today identify which of these as also being vital in the socialization process?

A) Government and school
B) Religion and parents
C) Media and peers
D) Media and government

Question 33

Melvin Kohn found that _________ families focused on teaching conformity, while __________ families were more likely to value curiosity and creativity.

A) Middle-class, working class
B) Upper-class, lower-class
C) Working-class, middle-class
D) Working-class, lower-class

Question 34

People who begin to imitate those who occupy the statuses to which they believe they will eventually belong are participating in

A) anticipatory socialization
B) cognitive socialization
C) resocialization
D) primary socialization

Question 35

Secondary socialization, which occurs throughout life,

A) is more positive than primary socialization.
B) is more negative than primary socialization.
C) gives us basic behavior patterns.
D) gives us new behavior patterns for specific situations.

Question 36

In traditional societies, families provide children with ________.

A) their first statuses, which tend to remain as permanent parts of their self-concept
B) better statuses than their parents
C) a status which is subject to change throughout their lives
D) identical statuses

Question 37

Melvin Kohn found that working-class and middle-class families focused on different characteristics for their children (obedience or creativity, for example), and attributed the differences to

A) the characteristics of the parents' jobs.
B) parents' desires for children to do better than they (the parents) were doing.
C) the religion associated with these parents' classes.
D) the different race and ethnicity of the families.

Question 38

Heather is a high school senior planning to attend college. She starts carrying a new bookbag similar to those she noticed young women carrying on her college tour, and wearing sweatshirts from her future college. She also starts taking more careful notes and studying more. Heather is experiencing:

A) Rigid socialization
B) Anticipatory socialization
C) Adolescent socialization
D) Agent-aided socialization

Question 39

Melvin Kohn's research focused on which of these agents of socialization?

A) Religion
B) Media
C) Family
D) Peers

Question 40

What did Freud call the inborn drive for self-gratification, i.e. pure impulse, without worrying about social rules, consequences, morality, or other people's reactions?

A) Id
B) Superego
C) Thanatos
D) Ego

Question 41

The life stage of young adulthood from late teens to early 30s is

A) a biological category, based on physiological characteristics of growth and development
B) primarily a psychiatric category
C) a social category based on the need to postpone full adulthood
D) based on religious obligations that often must be fulfilled before adulthood

Question 42

In terms of creating our identities, the socialization process

A) is random
B) is fixed by adulthood or middle age
C) is determined at or soon after birth
D) continues to influence our identities throughout life

Question 43

Through socialization, boys learn what researchers call __________ , which teaches them (among other traits) power, privilege, and to hide most emotions.

A) The male hierarchy
B) Masculine homogeneity
C) The boy code
D) Boys' heterogeneity

Question 44

The primary socialization agents in full adulthood are

A) Workplace and family
B) School and religion
C) Workplace and peers
D) Family and school

Question 45

While ________ refers to our physiological makeup, __________ refers to how we grow up: what we learn from our physical environment and our encounters with other people.

Question 46

In order to research the importance of socialization, sociologists study reports of __________ children.

Question 47

The active learning of the socially acceptable attitudes, traits, and behaviors that are seen by one's society as appropriate for males or females is referred to as

A) sexual identity
B) gender identification
C) sexual expression
D) gender socialization

Question 48

The process by which we learn to communicate with others and learn the behavior and rules of social interaction, including norms, values, and beliefs, is referred to as __________.

Question 49

Harlowes' research showed that __________ raised in isolation developed severe physical and emotional problems.

Question 50

Throughout childhood, both boys and girls who cross gender boundaries and act like those of the opposite sex are "supposed to" are

A) punished
B) rewarded
C) ignored
D) revered

Question 51

According to Carol Gilligan, in adolescence girls tend to become _________ and boys tend to become __________.

A) Girls: more confident; boys: less confident
B) Girls: less confident; boys: more confident
C) Girls: more intelligent; boys: less intelligent
D) Girls: less intelligent; boys: more intelligent

Question 52

In the U.S., early childhood socialization

A) often includes physically demanding and dangerous jobs.
B) Is designed to expose children to the more difficult aspects of life.
C) prepares children for adult life.
D) usually emphasizes unrestricted and unsupervised play.

Question 53

The boundaries between childhood or adolescence and adulthood

A) Are defined by physical growth such as height and musculature.
B) Have stayed fairly constant over time in the U.S.
C) Usually involve grueling and time-consuming endurance tests.
D) Are marked by many milestones or rites of passage.

Question 54

In modern societies, the five demographic markers of the transition to adulthood

A) Tend to occur simultaneously
B) Are culturally acceptable in fairly random order of occurrence.
C) Have remained unchanged in terms of their timing.
D) Are completed about ten years later than they were fifty years ago.

Question 55

What marks the boundary between childhood and adulthood?

A) Rites of passage
B) The onset of puberty
C) Endurance tests
D) The thirteenth birthday

Question 56

Which of these is correct concerning menarche, the onset of menstruation?

A) Menarche is biological, so its timing does not vary.
B) Menarche now occurs about six years earlier than it did a century ago.
C) Menarche now occurs about four years later than a century ago.
D) Menarche is a social, not a biological, phenomenon.

Question 57

Adolescence

A) was defined in modern societies as a life stage early in the twentieth century.
B) Has, for hundreds of years, been considered an important life stage between childhood and adulthood.
C) Is similar to childhood in terms of freedom of choice.
D) Is similar to adulthood in privileges as well as responsibilities.

Question 58

Which group is punished most often for gender nonconformity?

A) little girls who act passively
B) little girls who act aggressively
C) little boys who act passively
D) little boys who act aggressively

Question 59

In the U.S., boys and girls are expected to learn two entirely different sets of norms,

A) With girls more likely than boys to rigidly follow their stereotyped norms.
B) With the differences increasing over time.
C) Although in recent years the norms for girls have become even more rigid.
D) however recently girls have found it easier than boys to reject this polarization.

Question 60

Gender socialization begins

A) In early infancy
B) Preschool, nursery school, or day care
C) in kindergarten and first grade
D) as children start to get divided into team sports in later elementary school and middle school

Question 61

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that our sense of morality develops from the __________ to the __________.

Question 62

The boundary between childhood and adolescence is marked by many milestones, or __________.

Question 63

Maternal instinct, that is, the special bond and devotion to caring for the newborn child, is universal.

Question 64

The socialization agents traditionally considered "central" are __________ , __________, and __________.

Question 65

__________ socialization occurs during childhood, and __________ socialization occurs throughout life.

Question 66

In order to study the importance of socialization, scientists conduct experiments by raising children in isolation.

Question 67

The stages of the life course are primarily __________ constructions, differing widely from culture to culture.

Question 68

Mead proposed people could use the "generalized other" as a reference point to figure out how to behave in particular situations.

Question 69

From an early age, boys are taught to suppress their emotions, and by age 4 or 5 they learn the __________.

Question 70

__________ of socialization are people, groups, or social institutions that socialize members of society.

Question 71

The stage of life that many people find to be the loneliest is __________.

Question 72

When people move into a new status with different values, behaviors, and attitudes, they experience __________.

Question 73

According to Piaget, __________ is an essential part of the development of cognitive reasoning.

Question 74

__________ refers to the active learning of the socially acceptable attitudes, traits, and behaviors that are seen by one's society as appropriate for males or females.

Question 75

A __________ function of education, or "hidden curriculum," instills norms and values.

Question 76

Among children, __________ are punished for transgressions against gender expectations more than __________ are.

Question 77

According to Freud, the id is supposed to balance impulses, changing them into socially acceptable forms.

Question 78

The socialization agent __________ gives us our first statuses, our definitions of ourselves as belonging to a certain class, nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, and gender.

Question 79

Early in the twentieth century, psychologists began to define __________ as a stage of life in modern societies, when children, especially from affluent groups, needed training to compete in specialized job markets, so they stay out of the workforce for several years past puberty.

Question 80

__________ groups of friends, generally of the same age, are a important agency of socialization.