Deck 2: Culture and Society

Question 1

The Sociological Perspective

A) Enables us to see how we are both shaped by and shape our societies
B) Focuses on how we can help people in need
C) Stresses that social research must be value free
D) Notes how quantitative research is more factual than qualitative

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The text cites the example of the Yanomamo in Brazil, where "everybody knows" that people are violent and aggressive, and thus

A) They raise people to be peaceful to try to counteract that tendency
B) They raise people to be violent and aggressive
C) Their culture stresses a balance between peacefulness and violence
D) Their laws provide strict punishments for violence.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Social scientists generally take a position of cultural relativism,

A) a stance that all cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own members.
B) which proposes analyzing cultures relative to the researchers' own culture.
C) a recognition of the functionalist perspective to cultural structures.
D) In keeping with the cultural principles of Locke, Comte, and Marx.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The complex set of behaviors, attitudes, and symbols that individuals use in their daily relationships with others is called

A) Society
B) The sociological perspective
C) Culture
D) Structural functionalism

Question 5

Charles is an American who moved to China. Charles felt disorientation and uncertainty of what was culturally expected when he moved. What did Charles experience?

A) Cultural materialism
B) Culture shock
C) Cultural disconnect
D) Culture disorientation

Question 6

__________ consist(s) of people make and what they make it with, such as food and cooking implements.

A) Symbols
B) Rituals
C) Material culture
D) Value culture

Question 7

According to your text, __________ is the foundation for both the material basis of social life as well as for ideas, beliefs, and values.

A) Functionalism
B) The sociological perspective
C) The sociological imagination
D) Culture

Question 8

Ethnocentrism is based on the belief that

A) one's culture is superior to others.
B) one's culture is equal to others.
C) one's culture is inferior to others.
D) there are no cultural differences.

Question 9

Nonmaterial culture consists of

A) People's physical environment such as their houses, neighborhood, and region
B) Ideas and beliefs people develop about their lives and world
C) Things people make and use
D) The sociological perspective

Question 10

The vast differences that can exist between the world's many cultures illustrate what concept?

A) The sociological perspective
B) Globalism
C) Cultural diversity
D) McDonaldization

Question 11

Sociologists must constantly guard against __________ because it can bias our understandings of other cultures.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Cultural shock
C) Cultural relativism
D) Human nature

Question 12

Many sociologists hold that some values such as human rights are (or should be) __________.

A) Relational
B) Sociological
C) Symbolic
D) Universal

Question 13

The things people make and use and their physical environment make up

A) Material Culture
B) Concrete Society
C) Cultural Consumerism
D) Nonmaterial culture

Question 14

What would best describe U.S. government policy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries regarding Native Americans?

A) ethnocentrism
B) culture shock
C) cultural relativism
D) multiculturalism.

Question 15

Susan believes that, in comparison to United States culture, Latin American food is disgusting and Chinese customs are gross. Susan is being

A) Culturally relativistic
B) Culturally shocking
C) Ethnocentric
D) Ethnonegative

Question 16

Countercultures are subcultures that

A) Count more people among their membership than other subcultures.
B) Are opposed to the dominant culture.
C) Enable people to feel "one" with members of the dominant culture yet still somewhat "different" from them
D) Typically exist in harmony with the dominant culture

Question 17

Cultures vary

A) By time but not place
B) By place but not time
C) By both time and place
D) By neither time nor place

Question 18

Our human nature is shaped by

A) The sociological imagination
B) The sociological perspective
C) Culture
D) Structural functionalism

Question 19

________ is a group of people within a culture who share some distinguishing characteristic, belief, value, or attribute that sets them apart from the dominant culture.

A) Subculture
B) Counterculture
C) Reform culture
D) Material culture

Question 20

Cultures __________ in how they go about basic activities such as eating, sleeping, producing goods, and raising and educating children.

A) Are remarkably similar to each other
B) Vary dramatically
C) Are static when compared geographically, but dynamic by time.
D) Are static when compared by time, but not geographically.

Question 21

The cross is an example of a __________ whose meaning differs in different cultures.

A) Symbol
B) Value
C) Norm
D) Subculture

Question 22

The contrast illustrated in expressions such as "see films" and "watch movies," or in activities such as yachting and bowling, exemplify

A) the globalization of culture
B) cultural change
C) cultural imperialism
D) the difference between high culture and popular culture

Question 23

Culture that is associated with more affluent and elite groups may be referred to as

A) High culture
B) Low culture
C) Popular culture
D) Universal culture

Question 24

Comic books have been recently been the subject of major museum shows, and thus

A) exemplify how popular culture can move into high culture
B) are cultural universals
C) present an example of cultural capital
D) are an example of a fad

Question 25

The common use of the word "culture" as having highly refined sensibilities, knowing fine wines, great literature, and classical music, is

A) synonymous with "high culture"
B) the same as "low culture"
C) a "cultural universal"
D) the opposite of "cultural capital"

Question 26

Hula Hoops, the twist, beliefs in UFOs, and "in" Internet sites are examples of

A) high culture
B) norms
C) values
D) fads

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of a fashion?

A) The opera
B) Pet rocks
C) Tattooing
D) "in" places on the Internet

Question 28

Why was the title Ms. created?

A) To parallel the title Mr., which does not convey a man's marital status.
B) To refer to older unmarried women, since the term "spinster" has fallen out of fashion.
C) To replace the term Mrs., which, as an abbreviation for Mistress, conveys an extramarital relationship.
D) As a translation of the French term, M., for Monsieur.

Question 29

How does a law differ from a norm?

A) Laws are norms that are written down
B) Laws are the strongest norms
C) Only laws can restrict our activities
D) Only norms can be punished by agents of the state

Question 30

What, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, shapes our perception?

A) Norms
B) Technology
C) Roles
D) Language

Question 31

A society's ________ determine whether an action is right or wrong.

A) values
B) norms
C) laws
D) mores

Question 32

Changes in popular culture typically come from

A) Government
B) Cultural elites - that is, those who are culturally dominant
C) The wealthy
D) Groups excluded from the cultural elites

Question 33

To a sociologist, culture is

A) Neither local nor universal
B) Both local and universal
C) Local, but not universal
D) Universal, but not local

Question 34

Popular culture is often associated with

A) Upper class elites
B) Cultural universals
C) Middle and working classes
D) Counter cultures

Question 35

Which of the following is true about the cultural universals identified by anthropologist George Murdock ?

A) They are identical in all societies.
B) Cultural universals are almost always associated with religious beliefs.
C) They are broad categories that allow for variation.
D) Cultural Universals generally lead to peace within and between cultures.

Question 36

Amy leads her high school class in the Pledge of Allegiance every morning. Amy's actions are an example of what element of culture?

A) Ritual
B) Sanction
C) Law
D) Material culture

Question 37

What element of culture reflects routine behavior used to express the sense of cultural belonging?

A) language
B) material culture
C) symbols
D) rituals

Question 38

Which of these is an example of a more in the United States?

A) Murder
B) Be kind to children, animals, and the elderly
C) Eat eggs with ketchup
D) Drive at or below the speed limit

Question 39

For dedicated students, going to class, studying, and completing assignments are behaviors that exemplify

A) Values
B) Symbols
C) Mores
D) Norms

Question 40

Which of the following is correct concerning the Core American values specified by sociologist Robin Williams in 1970?

A) The values are all very consistent with each other and with other major American values
B) Each of the values is contrasted with an opposite American value
C) The core values are almost all religious values
D) The core values described in 1970 no longer apply to the contemporary United States.

Question 41

__________ is the foundation for both the material basis of social life as well as for ideas, beliefs, and values.

Question 42

The belief in American freedom is an example of __________ culture

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a reason why studying culture is important to sociology?

A) Studying culture helps provide ways for sociology to understand the world
B) Cultures are easy to study
C) Understanding concepts such as culture, values, and norms helps to understand the context in which individual experiences take place.
D) Cultural diversity helps define American society

Question 44

Cultural diffusion refers to

A) new culture spreading through society
B) The delay between technological innovation and norms governing its use
C) The deliberate imposition of one culture's elements on another country
D) The movement of populations through a society

Question 45

The phenomenon that some parts of culture (e.g. material) change more rapidly than others (institutions, values) is referred to by sociologist William Ogburn as culture

A) imperialism
B) materialism
C) diversity
D) lag

Question 46

Cultures

A) Constantly change at different rates
B) Change at a constant rate
C) Change only sometimes
D) Do not change at all

Question 47

Technology changes rapidly, as shown by cell phones, text messaging, and instant messaging. However, norms governing appropriate behavior have not yet caught up to these changes. This delay is referred to as

A) Technological Lag
B) Cultural delay
C) Culture lag
D) Normative delay

Question 48

Which of the following tends to change more rapidly?

A) Cultural institutions such as family or religion
B) Cultural beliefs and values
C) Material culture
D) Each of these changes at the same rate

Question 49

Which of these exemplifies a change in popular culture that originated from a marginalized group?

A) Earrings worn by men
B) McDonald's in China
C) Use of the internet
D) Imported luxury cars

Question 50

__________ culture consists of ideas and beliefs people develop about their lives and world.

Question 51

The __________ enables us to see how we are both shaped by and shape our societies.

Question 52

__________ refers to the vast differences that exist between the world's many cultures.

Question 53

Cultural diffusion occurs

A) primarily within a specific society
B) simultaneously with population movement
C) both within societies and across national boundaries
D) primarily through conquest which deliberately transforms the culture of the colonized.

Question 54

In the United States, changes in popular culture often originate among

A) African Americans, young people, and gays and lesbians
B) European Americans, the middle aged, and middle class
C) High-ranked members of the military, government, and corporate worlds
D) The cultural elite, who are culturally dominant

Question 55

The things people make and use and their physical environment make up their __________.

Question 56

The deliberate imposition of a country's culture on another country is called

A) Cultural Imperialism
B) Cultural Relativism
C) Cultural Pluralism
D) Cultural Diversity

Question 57

U.S. exports of popular culture by corporations such as Nike, Disney, and Coca-Cola, are examples of

A) Cultural Universals
B) Cultural Dominance
C) The Diversity of popular culture
D) Globalization of popular culture

Question 58

High culture attracts audiences drawn from more ________.

A) invisible cultures
B) affluent groups
C) low culture groups
D) popular cultures

Question 59

One reason that the global spread of American products is criticized as imperialist is because

A) The profits are returned to the American corporations
B) Most people do not like American products
C) Citizens of most countries that sell these products do not aspire to an American lifestyle
D) It is imposed by governments that require citizens to consume these products.

Question 60

Generally, culture lag is a(n) ________ process.

A) gradual
B) immediate
C) fast
D) hidden

Question 61

Most industrialized societies, including the United States, are characterized by cultural __________.

Question 62

__________ refers to the deliberate imposition of a country's culture on another country.

Question 63

__________ can be relatively benign, as a quiet sense of superiority or cultural disapproval, or it can be aggressive, as when people try to impose their values on others by force.

Question 64

When studying different cultures, social scientists constantly guard against the perspective of __________ because it can bias the understanding of other cultures.

Question 65

__________ culture is associated with more affluent and elite groups.

Question 66

__________ is an organized set of symbols with which we can think and communicate with others.

Question 67

Changes in __________ culture often originate among marginalized groups such as African Americans, young people, and gays and lesbians.

Question 68

While __________ are the ethical foundations of culture, __________ are the behavioral rules that support those ethics.

Question 69

__________ culture often changes more rapidly than institutions or values.

Question 70

The behaviors of decorating a tree at Christmas and lighting a menorah at Hanukkah are examples of __________.

Question 71

A person who goes to a different culture and feels disorientation and uncertainty experiences __________

Question 72

The __________ of popular culture is exemplified by exports of U.S. products manufactured by corporations such as Nike, Disney, and Coca-Cola.

Question 73

Popular culture is typically associated with the ________ and ________ classes.

Question 74

Sociologists generally take a position of __________, a position that all cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own members.

Question 75

A White Supremacist or Neo Nazi group that opposes the dominant culture is a __________

Question 76

In the thirteenth century, infants who were deprived of __________ by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II all died.

Question 77

In terms of basic activities such as eating, sleeping, and raising children, cultures around the world are remarkably similar.

Question 78

The phenomenon whereby some parts or culture change rapidly and other parts catch up is called __________.

Question 79

__________ are representations that suggest and stand in for something more complex and involved.

Question 80

Hula hoops, the twist, and other short-lived, popular, and widespread behaviors, styles, or modes of thought are called __________.