Deck 3: Society: Interactions, Groups, and Organizations

Question 1

Peer pressure, in which people behave because of fear that they won't be liked or "cool", is a form of

A) Cooperation
B) Conflict
C) Competition
D) Coercion

Answer 1

D

Question 2

__________ consists of body movements, gestures, facial expressions, and placement relative to others.

A) Nonverbal communication
B) Body work
C) Impression management
D) Looking glass self

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann (1966), we __________ social reality through social interaction.

A) perceive
B) construct
C) believe
D) avoid

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these is correct about social reality?

A) There is one true objective social reality
B) social reality is the same everywhere
C) There is no single true objective social reality
D) Social reality varies by place but not time

Question 5

John frequently tells vulgar jokes with his buddies and he often makes up stories about his sex life that he believes are funny. However, when John is with his mother he is the exact opposite, often critical of others who make such jokes or tell such stories around his mother. What is John's behavior an example of?

A) Backstage development
B) Impression management
C) Dramaturgy
D) ethnomethodology

Question 6

Which of the following is an achieved status?

A) brother
B) mother
C) daughter
D) niece

Question 7

According to Goffman, when a person attempts to give the best performance possible, he/she is doing __________ work.

A) Stage
B) Identity
C) Face
D) self

Question 8

A social identity that is recognized as meaningful by society is called a(n)

A) role
B) class
C) status
D) definition

Question 9

If your sociology professor asks you to deliberately break a minor norm in order to expose the normative expectations for social interaction in that particular situation, s/he is asking you to conduct what kind of research?

A) Statistical
B) ethnomethodology
C) deterministic
D) longitudinal

Question 10

Which of the following describes the situation when competition is the means of social interaction?

A) Resources are limited; not all organizations or individuals will be able to have them.
B) Individuals cooperatively give things to people in expectation of receiving rewards.
C) Individuals or groups with social power use threats to control actions of those with less power.
D) Individuals or groups work together toward a common goal

Question 11

The process known as impression management means ________.

A) the desire to always make a good impression on those in authority
B) attempting to actively control how others perceive me by changing my behavior to be appealing
C) the realization that others change their behavior in order to impress us
D) scrutinizing the collective impressions made during group interaction

Question 12

Sociologists studying social activities emphasize understanding of the

A) Psychological factors that lead to the activities
B) Biological makeup that allow the activities
C) Context in which the activities take place
D) Theological forces controlling the activities

Question 13

What do sociologists call a status, either ascribed or achieved, that overshadows all others, dominating our lives and controlling our position in society?

A) highest
B) dominant
C) leading
D) master

Question 14

Stacey's __________ status of being white was assigned to her at birth and she can do little to change being racially identified as white.

A) ascribed status
B) role definition
C) achieved status
D) role set

Question 15

What concept is defined as an organized collection of individuals and institutions, bounded by space in a coherent territory, subject to the same political authority, and organized through a shared set of cultural expectations and values?

A) Culture
B) Context
C) Society
D) Structure

Question 16

The most basic form of social interaction, according to sociologist Peter Blau, is __________, in which people give to others after, or expecting, a gift from others.

A) Exchange
B) Cooperation
C) Competition
D) Communication

Question 17

Cooley's "Looking Glass Self" describes

A) How we form our identity based on how we think other people see us.
B) The process of taking on the roles of others and distinguishing between the "I" and the "me"
C) How we actively try to present ourselves to others.
D) How we modify our behavior depending on the situation and onlookers

Question 18

Which of these sets of elements is part of the definition of society?

A) Organized, same political authority, shared set of values
B) Coherent territory, individuals and institutions, numerous
C) Organized, democratic, numerous
D) Same political authority, shared set of values, large territory

Question 19

Ethnomethodology is a form of research in which

A) The researchers compare different ethnic groups using a variety of methods
B) Researchers create in-depth ethnographies, often of smaller subcultures
C) Researchers break social norms to expose agreements underlying the norms
D) Researchers diagram the communication networks of ethnic groups

Question 20

Sociologists have discovered that members of a group ________.

A) approach decision-making exactly like individuals
B) have limited decision-making abilities
C) have little effect on each other when making decisions
D) make different decisions than would individuals deciding independently

Question 21

Social networks such as prep schools for wealthy children allow them to acquire __________ - mannerisms, behaviors, and affectations that mark them as members of the elite and prepare them for life among the elite.

A) Hierarchical structure
B) Cultural capital
C) Expressive differences
D) Heterogeneity

Question 22

Sets of behaviors that are expected of a person who occupies a status are called?

A) Stages
B) Sanctions
C) Roles
D) Acts

Question 23

William Graham Sumner identified two distinct types of groups, depending on membership and affinity (feeling more or less positively toward the group). These two types of groups are

A) Primary and secondary groups
B) Reference groups and cliques
C) In-groups and out-groups
D) Homogeneous and heterogeneous groups

Question 24

Solomon Asch's experiment on line length and the "groupthink" exhibited by the Space Shuttle Challenger engineers both illustrate the phenomenon of

A) group conformity
B) exchange
C) group heterogeneity
D) instrumental group cohesion

Question 25

We may experience role strain when

A) The same role has demands and expectations that contradict each other.
B) We try to simultaneously play different roles with contradictory rules.
C) We adjust to leaving roles that are central to our identity.
D) We try to occupy multiple positions at the same time.

Question 26

Women have a greater chance than men of occupying a job in child care. This exemplifies how

A) Achieved statuses are often dependent on ascribed statuses
B) Ascribed statuses are often dependent on achieved statuses
C) Achieved statuses are always dependent on ascribed statuses
D) Ascribed statuses are never dependent on achieved statuses

Question 27

In a man's __________ as a father, he might play the __________ of disciplinarian.

A) status, role
B) role, status
C) status, sanction
D) sanction, role

Question 28

The many groups associated with people's interests and characteristics

A) Typically fit together neatly
B) Usually lead to conflict and struggle
C) Form part of people's identity
D) Are not related to individual identity

Question 29

The difference between role strain and role conflict is

A) There is no difference; they are different terms for the same concept
B) Role strain applies to contradictory demands in the same role; role conflict refers to different roles with contradictory expectations
C) Role strain applies to different roles with contradictory expectations; role conflict refers to contradictory demands in the same role
D) Role strain is much stronger, and role conflict is almost always weaker

Question 30

Which of the following, commonly found in U.S. schools, are organized around inclusion and exclusion?
A) Bureaucracies

A) Cliques
B) Utilitarian organizations
C) Networks

Question 31

A(n) _______ status is one which is attained through talent, ability or uniqueness.

A) Achieved
B) Class
C) Ascribed
D) Master

Question 32

In Western societies, group members often recognize __________ among members of their own group, and assume __________ among members of an out-group.

A) Heterogeneity, homogeneity
B) Similarities, differences
C) Homogeneity, heterogeneity
D) similarities, individuality

Question 33

__________ refers to leaving a role that is central to our identity.

A) Retreating
B) Downward mobility
C) Role exit
D) Loss of role

Question 34

A reference group is a group

A) Whose members' reactions we consider before acting
B) To which we belong and toward which we feel positively
C) That is most likely to meet for instrumental reasons
D) That tends to meet for expressive reasons

Question 35

Expressive reasons for group formation include

A) Emotional support, companionship, and security
B) Meeting common goals, solving problems
C) Goal-setting, companionship, political support
D) Security, profit-making, advancement

Question 36

Which of the following is most accurate about the Internet and networks?

A) People only form networks online about topics they are uncomfortable or embarrassed about discussing off-line.
B) People are not easily able to assume pseudo-identities or aliases.
C) Online, people can be creative in adopting new roles and statuses.
D) The Internet is extremely isolating, causing people to have a lack of interaction in any form with others.

Question 37

________ is based on group dynamics and maintaining group harmony in spite of individual judgment.

A) Group conformity
B) Group cohesion
C) Groupthink
D) Clique control

Question 38

In the 1960s, grade school teacher Jane Elliot told her students that those with blue eyes (as opposed to brown eyes) were inferior. The brown-eyed children quickly treated the blue-eyed children as a(n)

A) Secondary group
B) Out-group
C) Reference-group
D) Heterogeneous group

Question 39

Which of the following group types is most likely to be ranked hierarchically?

A) Reference
B) Secondary
C) Primary
D) Cliques

Question 40

Group members often participate in activities together and may have a common enemy or rival group. These phenomena

A) Have little influence on groups
B) Decrease the life of groups
C) Increase deviance
D) Increase group cohesion

Question 41

Sociological research shows that Americans' networks of confidants is shrinking, with many people saying they have no one with whom to discuss important issues. At the same time, our networks are increasing across the globe at the speed of light, when considering connections to others on the internet. These seemingly contradictory phenomena illustrate

A) The sociological perspective
B) The both/and perspective
C) The functionalist perspective
D) The either/or perspective

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of a normative organization?

A) Wal-Mart employees
B) Stateville Reform School
C) the local Democratic party
D) State University

Question 43

In what way is a network looser than a group?

A) In a network, there are fewer connections than in a group.
B) People in networks exert more control over others' behavior
C) People in networks are often farther removed compared to people in groups
D) Networks are not looser than groups.

Question 44

Universities and corporations tend to be

A) Normative organizations
B) Coercive groups
C) Secondary groups
D) Utilitarian organizations

Question 45

When we practice impression management, we ________.

A) emphasize some personal aspects during social interactions, and minimize others
B) evaluate other people's social interactions very carefully
C) reconsider our first opinions of others
D) interact with other people only online

Question 46

Which of these is the dominant form of organization in the 21st century?

A) Bureaucracies
B) Primary groups
C) Small social networks
D) Democratic communes

Question 47

A web of social relationships that connect people to one another and, through those connections, with other people, is a

A) Correlation matrix
B) Secondary group
C) Hierarchy
D) Network

Question 48

Bureaucracies tend to be

A) Gender-neutral
B) Disorganized
C) Hierarchical
D) Individualistic

Question 49

Social __________ are organized and established sets of social relationships and networks that meet specific social needs.

Question 50

__________ is defined as an organized collection of individuals and institutions, bounded by space in a coherent territory, subject to the same political authority, and organized through a shared set of cultural expectations and values.

Question 51

In the 21st century, groups and organizations are

A) Obsolete
B) Smaller
C) Increasingly globalized
D) Decreasingly important

Question 52

Bureaucracies are designed with which of these?

A) Democratic leadership
B) Expressiveness
C) Inefficiency
D) Division of labor

Question 53

What perspective is illustrated by the seemingly contradictory realities that we live in a society where people's ascribed characteristics (race, class, sex) are the best determinants of where people will end up, and a society in which we believe anyone can make it if he or she works hard enough.

A) Sociological
B) Functionalist
C) Symbolic interaction
D) Both/and

Question 54

Organizations, compared to other types of groups, are likely to be

A) Primary
B) larger
C) expressive
D) of shorter duration

Question 55

The boards of directors of very large corporations are composed of people who went to the same prep schools or Ivy League colleges; these connections exemplify what concept?

A) Network
B) Hierarchy
C) Correlation matrix
D) Group heterogeneity

Question 56

According to sociologist Rosabeth Moss Kanter, who wrote Men and Women of the Corporation,"

A) The structure of corporations is dominated by masculine principles
B) Organizations such as corporations have gender-neutrality built in to their structures
C) Some aspects of corporations, such as job evaluations, favor women
D) Men and women are able to compete on equal footing in large organizations

Question 57

In what way is a network denser than a group?

A) In a network, people's interpersonal connections are stronger than in a group.
B) In a network, there are many more connections than in a group.
C) In a network, ties are much stronger and longer lasting compared to a group
D) People in networks have at most two degrees of separation, compared to four in groups.

Question 58

The definition of society emphasizes both large-scale structures and individuals' interaction with others; these illustrate the __________ and __________ levels of sociological analysis.

Question 59

Social __________ is a complex framework of both patterned social interactions and institutions that organize social life and provide the context for individual action.

Question 60

Which of the following is a normative organization?

A) the Red Cross
B) prison
C) a mental institution
D) a work group

Question 61

__________ is a form of social research in which researchers break social norms to expose agreements underlying the norms

Question 62

__________ groups typically form for expressive reasons, while __________ groups generally form for instrumental reasons.

Question 63

As we interact with others, we follow conventions such as treating our friends and grandmothers differently. These conventions become "the way things are," or social __________."

Question 64

Role __________ can occur if we are simultaneously playing different roles that have contradictory expectations.

Question 65

People in __________ networks can be more creative in adopting new roles and statuses.

Question 66

A network is __________ than a group in that there are many more connections in a network than a group.

Question 67

High school __________ tend to be ranked hierarchically and formed around inclusion and exclusion.

Question 68

Prep schools offer social networks in which children of wealthy families can enhance their __________ - those mannerisms and behavior that mark people as a member of the elite.

Question 69

People frequently orient their actions toward __________ groups and consider what those groups' members would say about their actions.

Question 70

A __________ is a web of relationships that connect people, and, though those connections, to other people.

Question 71

According to Goffman's concept of __________, social life is like a stage play, and we change our behaviors according to the characters on stage at the moment.

Question 72

__________ organizations are typically voluntary; members receive no monetary rewards and often pay to join. They participate because they believe in the goals of the organization.

Question 73

Social _________ are sets of behaviors expected of a person occupying a particular status.

Question 74

A __________ is a formal organization characterized by a division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, rationality, and impersonality.

Question 75

Richard's status as a disabled man dominates his life and controls his position in society. His status is considered a __________.

Question 76

In the United States, a person's job is a(n) __________ status.

Question 77

People participate in _________ organizations such as schools or corporations for some tangible reward, such as earning a degree or paycheck.

Question 78

__________ characteristics of groups include emotional support, companionship, and security

Question 79

__________ are the dominant form of organization in large complex societies.

Question 80

Cooley's theory called the Looking Glass Self describes how we form our identity based on __________.