Deck 29: Development, Growth, Aging, and Genetics

Question 1

The prenatal period during which the major organ systems form is the ________ period.

A) fetal
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) neonatal

Answer 1

C

Question 2

At the time of implantation, the human embryo is in a stage of development known as the ________.

A) fetus
B) zygote
C) morula
D) blastocyst
E) ovum

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Depolarization of the oocyte plasma membrane occurs when the first sperm attaches to the integrin α6β1. This is called the ________.

A) slow block to polyspermy
B) acrosomal reaction
C) fast block to polyspermy
D) fertilization
E) spermiogenesis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst

A) consists of yolk-filled storage cells.
B) contains cells that will form the embryo.
C) represents the future placenta.
D) will form the zona pellucida.
E) contains cells that are discarded.

Question 5

The single layer of cells that surrounds the blastocele is the ________.

A) morula
B) gastrula
C) blastocyst
D) trophoblast
E) inner cell mass

Question 6

Developmental events are calculated from

A) ovulation.
B) conception.
C) the last menstrual period.
D) fourteen days after the last menstrual period.
E) fourteen days before the last menstrual period.

Question 7

If the zygote splits into two separate cells, ________.

A) identical twins result
B) fraternal twins result
C) dizygotic twinning occurs
D) both cells die
E) paternal twins result

Question 8

An embryonic cell that contains the potential to give rise to any tissue type is called a/an ________ cell.

A) differentiated
B) multipotent
C) pluripotent
D) omnipotent
E) totipotent

Question 9

Once the embryonic mass has 12 or more cells, it is called a ________.

A) morula
B) gastrula
C) blastula
D) blastocyst
E) trophoblast

Question 10

The placenta and membranes surrounding the embryo develop from the ________.

A) morula
B) blastocyst
C) trophoblast
D) inner cell mass
E) blastocele

Question 11

Germ layers form during the ________ period, while organ systems mature during the ________ period.

A) embryonic; fetal
B) prenatal; neonatal
C) germinal; embryonic
D) germinal; fetal
E) fetal; germinal

Question 12

The clinical age of the unborn child is calculated from ________.

A) ovulation
B) conception
C) the last menstrual period (LMP)
D) fourteen days after the last menstrual period
E) fourteen days before the last menstrual period

Question 13

If a woman ovulates two oocytes and both are fertilized,

A) identical twins result.
B) fraternal twins result.
C) conjoined twins result.
D) monozygotic twinning occurs.
E) paternal twins result.

Question 14

What event separates childhood from adolescence?

A) Onset of puberty
B) Infancy
C) Formation of germ layers
D) Beginning to walk

Question 15

Fusion of the male and female pronuclei forms the ________.

A) blastocyst
B) morula
C) zygote
D) gastrula
E) trophoblast

Question 16

The period from conception until birth is the ________ period.

A) prenatal
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal
E) conceptual

Question 17

The placenta plays an important role in

A) implantation.
B) onset of lactation.
C) beginning of parturition.
D) provision of nutrients to the fetus.
E) insulating the fetus.

Question 18

When the embryonic mass of cells develops an internal cavity, the mass of cells is called a/an ________.

A) zygote
B) morula
C) blastocyst
D) embryonic disc
E) trophoblast

Question 19

Fusion of the male and female pronuclei

A) results in an oocyte forming.
B) restores the diploid number of chromosomes.
C) occurs before ovulation.
D) results in a haploid cell forming.
E) results in a total of 23 chromosomes.

Question 20

An embryonic cell that has the potential to develop into a wide range of tissues is called a/an ________ cell.

A) differentiated
B) multipotent
C) pluripotent
D) omnipotent
E) totipotent

Question 21

The embryonic membrane that completely encloses the embryo in a watery sac is the ________.

A) yolk sac
B) amnion
C) allantois
D) chorion
E) ectodermal sac

Question 22

Through what structure do epiblast cells migrate to form the mesoderm?

A) Lacunae
B) Chorionic villi
C) Hypoblast
D) Primitive streak
E) Blastocele

Question 23

Some epiblast cells migrate and emerge between the epiblast and endoderm as a new germ layer called the ________.

A) yolk sac
B) mesoglia
C) notochord
D) mesoderm
E) primitive streak

Question 24

Where does implantation normally occur?

A) In the fundus area of the uterus
B) In the isthmus area of the uterine tube
C) In the cervix area of the uterus
D) In the infundibulum area of the uterine tube

Question 25

The cytotrophoblast

A) forms the chorionic villi.
B) replaces the syncytiotrophoblast.
C) remains throughout development.
D) forms branches that protrude into the amniotic cavity.
E) is not an embryonic part of the placenta.

Question 26

Gastrulation is the process of development that produces the ________.

A) placenta
B) embryonic disk
C) germ layers
D) rudimentary organs

Question 27

Which germ layer is covering of the exposed region of the tooth derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 28

Placenta previa occurs when

A) a normally placed placenta tears away from the uterine wall.
B) the placenta is formed too early.
C) implantation occurs close to the cervix.
D) implantation occurs in the fundus of the uterus.

Question 29

Which germ layer is the thymus derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 30

Which germ layer is the epidermis derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 31

The embryonic disk is initially composed of ________.

A) ectoderm and hypoblast
B) epiblast and mesoderm
C) epiblast and hypoblast
D) hypoblast and yolk sac
E) epiblast and yolk sac

Question 32

The time period between fertilization and implantation is approximately ________ days.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 14
E) 21

Question 33

The chorionic villi

A) form from branches of the syncytiotrophoblast cords.
B) increase surface area of the amniotic cavity.
C) contribute to the formation of the placenta.
D) are necessary for implantation to occur.
E) are not part of the placental formation.

Question 34

Which of the following is derived from endoderm?

A) Brain
B) Muscle
C) Epidermis of the skin
D) Mucosa of the digestive tract
E) Cardiovascular system

Question 35

Which of the following statements about the syncytiotrophoblast is false?

A) It forms the developing embryo.
B) It is composed of a nondividing, multinucleated cell.
C) It is nonantigenic, so that it triggers no immune response.
D) It invades the maternal tissues that compose the endometrium of the uterus.
E) It forms lacunae.

Question 36

Which of the following organ systems is derived from all three germ layers?

A) Nervous
B) Cardiovascular
C) Endocrine
D) Integumentary
E) Skeletal

Question 37

Which of the following is derived from ectoderm?

A) Lens of the eye
B) Thymus gland
C) Tonsils
D) Urinary bladder
E) Dermis of skin

Question 38

Which of the following is formed from mesoderm?

A) Autonomic neurons
B) Dermis of the skin
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Teeth
E) Tonsils

Question 39

Which germ layer is most muscle derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 40

Damage to the mesoderm during embryological development would affect the formation of which of the following structures?

A) Thyroid
B) Brain
C) Heart
D) Teeth
E) Urinary bladder

Question 41

If the secondary palate does not fuse, the result is a ________.

A) cleft palate
B) cleft throat
C) facial cleft
D) cleft lip
E) cleft tongue

Question 42

Which germ layer is the central nervous system components derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 43

Which germ layer are the tonsils derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 44

Which germ layer are the bones (except facial) derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 45

Arm and legs buds appear at about 28 days from

A) the coelom.
B) apical ectodermal ridges.
C) somitomeres.
D) neural crest cells.

Question 46

The pleural and peritoneal cavities of the adult begin as part of the ________ cavity.

A) cloacal
B) somatomeric
C) coelomic
D) apical
E) ventral

Question 47

Which of the following organs develops from evaginations along the early digestive tract?

A) Heart
B) Adrenal medulla
C) Lungs
D) Nasal cavity
E) Kidneys

Question 48

The allantois enlarges to form the ________.

A) kidney
B) gonads
C) ureter
D) urinary bladder
E) urethra

Question 49

The embryo is most sensitive to outside influences that can cause malformations during the

A) first two weeks after fertilization.
B) third to the ninth weeks of development.
C) ninth to the sixteenth weeks of development.
D) twelfth to the twentieth weeks of development.
E) twenty-first to twenty-sixth weeks of development.

Question 50

Which germ layer is the system responsible for moving substances around the body derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 51

Segments of mesoderm that will form muscles are ________.

A) mesonephros
B) mandibular processes
C) neural tube
D) secondary palate
E) somites

Question 52

Which structure(s) form(s) the lower jaw?

A) Mesonephros
B) Mandibular processes
C) Neural tube
D) Secondary palate
E) Somites

Question 53

Arrange the following in the sequence in which they form in the embryo.
(1) Neural plate
(2) Neural tube
(3) Notochord
(4) Primitive streak

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3, 2, 4
C) 4, 3, 1, 2
D) 4, 1, 3, 2
E) 3, 4, 1, 2

Question 54

Somites give rise to ________.

A) nerves
B) blood
C) glands
D) muscles
E) spinal cord

Question 55

A cleft lip results when

A) the two halves of the secondary palate do not fuse.
B) the frontonasal and maxillary processes do not fuse.
C) the lateral edges of the nasal placodes do not fuse with the maxillary processes.
D) the maxillary processes do not fuse with the mandibular processes.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 56

Which germ layer is the urinary bladder derived from?

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

Question 57

Cells of the neuroectoderm become all of the following EXCEPT the ________.

A) brain
B) spinal cord
C) postganglionic autonomic neurons
D) posterior pituitary gland

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a possible route for neural crest cells?

A) Melanocytes
B) Autonomic ganglion neurons
C) Adrenal cortex
D) Sensory ganglia
E) Enteric nervous system neurons

Question 59

The oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes, when opened, allow the ________ to open to the outside.

A) liver
B) skin
C) lungs
D) digestive tract
E) ears

Question 60

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the formation of the face?

A) Apical ectodermal ridges
B) Frontonasal process
C) Maxillary processes
D) Mandibular processes

Question 61

The eyes develop as evaginations from the ________.

A) myelencephalon
B) mesencephalon
C) neural crest cells
D) diencephalon
E) telencephalon

Question 62

Failure of the neural tube to close in the region of the head results in ________.

A) anencephaly
B) ventricular enlargement
C) cleft palate
D) soft spots on the skull
E) hydrocephaly

Question 63

Which gland is derived from both neural crest cells and mesoderm?

A) Anterior pituitary
B) Posterior pituitary
C) Thyroid gland
D) Adrenal glands
E) Pancreas

Question 64

Organogenesis is generally completed by day ________ of development.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 45
D) 60
E) 75

Question 65

The embryonic heart

A) develops from two endothelial tubes that fuse together.
B) consists of four chambers.
C) has two atria but only one ventricle.
D) doesn't beat until just prior to birth.
E) has no passages connecting right side to left side.

Question 66

Which structure(s) form(s) the roof of the mouth?

A) Mesonephros
B) Mandibular processes
C) Neural tube
D) Secondary palate
E) Somites

Question 67

The olfactory bulbs and nerves develop as an evagination from the ________.

A) myelencephalon
B) mesencephalon
C) neural crest cells
D) diencephalon
E) telencephalon

Question 68

Which structure develops from an evagination of the ectoderm in the roof of the embryonic oral cavity?

A) Anterior pituitary
B) Posterior pituitary
C) Thyroid gland
D) Adrenal glands
E) Pancreas

Question 69

Which of the following statements concerning the embryonic cardiovascular system is true?

A) The heart develops from four endothelial tubes.
B) Blood vessels form from blood islands.
C) An opening in the interatrial septum is called the sinus venosus.
D) The bulbus cordis becomes the sinoatrial node (the adult pacemaker).
E) There is an opening in the interventricular septum.

Question 70

Which of the following structures originates as an evagination from the floor of the pharynx, moves into the neck, and loses its connection with the pharynx?

A) Pancreas
B) Thyroid gland
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Adenohypophysis
E) Parathyroid glands

Question 71

The lungs develop from

A) somitomeres.
B) neural crest cells.
C) an evagination from the foregut.
D) an evagination from the floor of the diencephalon.
E) an invagination from the hindgut.

Question 72

The common junction of the digestive, urinary, and genital systems is the ________.

A) cloaca
B) coelom
C) allantois
D) hindgut
E) anus

Question 73

Which of the following statements concerning development of the integumentary system is true?

A) The epidermis is derived from mesoderm.
B) The melanocytes are derived from ectoderm.
C) Nails, hair, and glands develop from the dermis.
D) Sensory receptors in the skin are derived from the epidermis.
E) Collagen fibers do not appear until after birth.

Question 74

Which structure is formed by an evagination from the floor of the diencephalon?

A) Anterior pituitary
B) Posterior pituitary
C) Thyroid gland
D) Adrenal glands
E) Pancreas

Question 75

Which of the following statements concerning musculoskeletal system development is true?

A) Skeletal muscles develop from crest cells.
B) Myoblasts produce somites.
C) The vertebral column develops from somite-derived mesoderm.
D) Enlargement of muscles after birth is due to an increase in the number of muscle fibers.
E) Ossification ends before birth.

Question 76

Which gland originates as two evaginations from the duodenum?

A) Anterior pituitary
B) Posterior pituitary
C) Thyroid gland
D) Adrenal glands
E) Pancreas

Question 77

The adult kidney develops from the ________.

A) pronephros
B) metanephros
C) mesonephros
D) allantois
E) neonephros

Question 78

What is formed by closure of neural groove?

A) Mesonephros
B) Mandibular processes
C) Neural tube
D) Secondary palate
E) Somites

Question 79

The opening that connects the right and left atria in the fetal heart is the ________.

A) interatrial septum
B) septum primum
C) septum secundum
D) foramen ovale
E) foramen rotundum

Question 80

The central cavity of the neural tube becomes the ________.

A) cerebrum
B) midbrain
C) cranial cavity
D) ventricles of the brain
E) epidural space