Deck 19: Cardiovascular System: Blood

Question 1

Which of the following phrases is least likely to be used in describing erythrocytes?

A) Biconcave cells
B) Cells can change shape
C) Cytoplasm contains hemoglobin
D) Nucleus is centrally located
E) Main role is transporting blood gases

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is (are) associated with decreased hematopoiesis?

A) Hemorrhage
B) Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
C) Iron deficiency anemia
D) Restricted blood flow to the kidney
E) Both "Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency" and "Iron deficiency anemia" are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following functions is associated with the blood?

A) Delivery of O₂ to tissue cells
B) Transport of digestive enzymes to the small intestine
C) Maintenance of DNA content of egg cells
D) Transport of neurotransmitters across synapses
E) Electrical stimulation of the heart

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is the most abundant of the plasma proteins?

A) Albumin
B) Globulins
C) Fibrinogen
D) Immunoglobulins
E) Hemoglobin

Question 5

Functions of plasma proteins include

A) body temperature regulation.
B) regulation of osmotic pressure.
C) transportation of O₂ and CO₂.
D) serving as a source of energy for metabolism.

Question 6

Mature erythrocytes

A) have a centrally located nucleus.
B) are actually just cellular fragments.
C) contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm.
D) mature from cells called megakaryocytes.
E) do not contain protein.

Question 7

Neutrophils are derived from a population of intermediate cells called ________.

A) lymphoblasts
B) proerythroblasts
C) myeloblasts
D) megakaryoblasts
E) monoblasts

Question 8

The plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is ________.

A) Na⁺
B) albumin
C) globulin
D) fibrinogen
E) fibrinolysis

Question 9

Plasma

A) is one of the formed elements.
B) is the liquid matrix of the blood.
C) transports waste products but not nutrients.
D) accounts for less than half of the blood volume.
E) is serum plus formed elements.

Question 10

The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the ________.

A) thrombocytes
B) erythrocytes
C) leukocytes
D) platelets
E) RBCs

Question 11

Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood?

A) Blood gases
B) Nutrients
C) Lactate
D) Neurotransmitters
E) Hormones

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true of plasma?

A) Plasma is about 91% water.
B) Plasma is a colloid.
C) Plasma volume can change drastically.
D) The color of plasma is yellow.

Question 13

Hemocytoblasts

A) are specialized cells.
B) are found in yellow bone marrow.
C) form branches of trees.
D) are abundant in the plasma.
E) give rise to all formed elements in the blood.

Question 14

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in ________.

A) protection
B) communication
C) maintenance
D) transportation

Question 15

Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function?

A) Fibrinogen - transport of fatty acids
B) Albumin - helps to fight infection
C) Globulin - transport and immunity
D) Globulin - blood clotting

Question 16

Blood is a type of ________tissue.

A) epithelial
B) glandular
C) connective
D) areolar

Question 17

Plasma is ________ while formed elements are ________.

A) a blood gas; blood clots
B) the liquid portion of blood; the cells
C) lacking in protein; regulators of blood osmolality
D) the cellular portion of blood; acellular components
E) mostly protein; the matrix

Question 18

Plasma accounts for ________ of total blood volume.

A) 50%
B) 90%
C) 75%
D) 55%

Question 19

Red blood cells will develop from ________.

A) proerythroblasts
B) monoblasts
C) myeloblasts
D) megakaryoblasts
E) lymphoblasts

Question 20

If a blood buffer is absent, which function of the blood would be compromised?

A) Maintenance of body temperature
B) Regulation of pH
C) Clot formation
D) Transport of ions
E) Protection against foreign substances

Question 21

How much O₂ is generally transported in combination with hemoglobin in red blood cells?

A) 1.5%
B) 7%
C) 70%
D) 98.5%

Question 22

Which gas, also carried by a hemoglobin, may help regulate blood pressure?

A) Carbon monoxide
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) Nitric oxide

Question 23

Iron

A) is needed to produce hemoglobin.
B) is a plasma coagulation factor.
C) is the binding site for carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule.
D) prevents carbon monoxide from binding to hemoglobin.
E) interferes with the normal function of hemoglobin.

Question 24

Which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis?

A) Increased environmental O₂ levels
B) Increased erythropoietin levels
C) Increased blood pH
D) Increased blood pressure
E) Increased CO₂ levels

Question 25

Which of the following is required for erythropoiesis?

A) Iron
B) Vitamin B₁₂
C) Folate
D) Vitamin K
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

The combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is ________.

A) carboxyhemoglobin
B) oxyhemoglobin
C) deoxyhemoglobin
D) carbaminohemoglobin

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a form of hemoglobin found in the developing human?

A) Adult
B) Embryonic
C) Adolescent
D) Fetal

Question 28

What may be affected if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was not made in the body?

A) Conversion of hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin
B) Conversion of CO₂ to bicarbonate ion
C) Transport of O₂ by hemoglobin
D) Hemolysis of red blood cells

Question 29

Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell?

A) Erythrocyte
B) Reticulocyte
C) Thrombocyte
D) Monocyte
E) Leukocyte

Question 30

Mr. Smith moved from a low altitude to a high altitude and experienced an increase in RBCs. Which of the following caused this increase?

A) The lower temperature present at higher altitudes
B) The lower O₂ concentration seen at higher altitudes
C) The increased metabolic rate seen at higher altitudes
D) The increased CO₂ retention that occurs at high altitudes
E) Increased exercise

Question 31

The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called ________.

A) oxyhemoglobin
B) deoxyhemoglobin
C) carboxyhemoglobin
D) carbaminohemoglobin
E) loaded hemoglobin

Question 32

Each hemoglobin molecule

A) has one heme group.
B) contains two polypeptide chains.
C) transports four oxygen molecules.
D) has two iron atoms and two globin chains.
E) transports one oxygen molecule.

Question 33

Rupture of a red blood cell is called hematopoiesis.

Question 34

Hemoglobin

A) gives white blood cells their color.
B) transports O₂ in the blood.
C) is normally found in both the plasma and erythrocytes.
D) catalyzes the reaction that forms carbonic acid.
E) is only used once then decomposed.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a method of CO₂ transport in the blood?

A) Combined with hemoglobin
B) Dissolved in the plasma
C) As bicarbonate ions in the plasma
D) Held in the depression of a red blood cell

Question 36

Which of the following events occurs when erythrocytes are destroyed?

A) Urine output increases.
B) Iron is secreted into the bile.
C) Heme is transported by transferrin to the liver.
D) The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids.
E) Bile is manufactured by the gallbladder.

Question 37

Erythropoietin

A) is secreted by the kidney.
B) inhibits the production of erythrocytes.
C) is produced in response to increased blood pressure.
D) is found both in the plasma and inside red blood cells.
E) is produced by the red bone marrow.

Question 38

Which of the following formed elements do not have chromosomes?

A) Erythrocytes
B) Reticulocytes
C) Erythroblasts
D) Both "Erythrocytes" and "Reticulocytes" are correct.
E) All the choices are correct.

Question 39

An increase in hemoglobin increases

A) the ability of the blood to carry O₂ to various tissues.
B) the quantity of plasma protein available for blood clotting.
C) the leukocyte count.
D) the body's immune response.
E) the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Question 40

When defective erythrocytes are broken down,

A) they are removed from the blood by the lungs.
B) bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin.
C) their heme groups are converted into amino acids.
D) their iron is excreted into the small intestine.
E) their components cannot be recycled.

Question 41

Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function?

A) Erythrocytes - transport oxygen
B) Leukocytes - protect against disease
C) Platelets - phagocytize bacteria
D) Plasma proteins - maintain blood osmotic pressure; involved in clotting
E) Monocytes - become macrophages

Question 42

The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as ________.

A) platelet adhesion
B) vascular spasm
C) hemostasis
D) coagulation

Question 43

When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called ________.

A) chemotaxis
B) diapedesis
C) margination
D) ameboid movement
E) attraction

Question 44

Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to

A) increased heme in his circulatory system.
B) increased globin in his circulatory system.
C) increased bilirubin in his circulatory system.
D) decreased rate of globin breakdown.
E) All the choices are correct.

Question 45

Platelets

A) are also known as thrombocytes.
B) are actually fragments of cells.
C) play a role in preventing blood loss.
D) can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 46

The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called ________.

A) chemotaxis
B) diapedesis
C) margination
D) intrusion
E) exocytosis

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sickle-cell anemia?

A) Red blood cells take on the sickle shape when oxygen levels are low.
B) Sickle-shaped red blood cells can become lodged in capillaries.
C) Tissue damage from decreased blood supply.
D) Sickle-shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture.

Question 48

Lymphocytes

A) are the largest of the leukocytes.
B) migrate to lymphatic tissue.
C) produce histamine.
D) release heparin.
E) are phagocytic.

Question 49

During platelet plug formation,

A) platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels.
B) thrombin is released from endothelial cells.
C) vitamin K production increases.
D) platelets multiply.

Question 50

Which white blood cells function primarily as phagocytotic cells?

A) Monocytes and lymphocytes
B) Basophils and neutrophils
C) Eosinophils and monocytes
D) Neutrophils and monocytes

Question 51

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

A) Eosinophil
B) Basophil
C) Neutrophil
D) Monocyte
E) Erythrocyte

Question 52

Bilirubin

A) is found in white blood cells.
B) may be reused in erythropoiesis.
C) is formed from the globin groups of hemoglobin.
D) is made from bile.
E) may build up in the circulation and cause jaundice.

Question 53

A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from ________.

A) a parasitic worm infection
B) a viral infection
C) an acute bacterial infection
D) a chronic bacterial infection
E) a head cold

Question 54

In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in the correct chronological order?

A) Bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen
B) Bone marrow; spleen; blood vessels
C) Spleen; blood vessels; spleen
D) Blood vessels; spleen; bone marrow
E) Spleen; blood vessels; bone marrow

Question 55

Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis?

A) Coagulation
B) Erythropoiesis
C) Platelet formation
D) Vascular dilation
E) Agglutination

Question 56

Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description?

A) Neutrophils - most numerous WBCs
B) Basophils - release histamine
C) Lymphocytes - become macrophages
D) Monocytes - largest of the WBCs
E) Eosinophils - attack worm parasites

Question 57

Macrophages are derived from ________.

A) neutrophils
B) lymphocytes
C) monocytes
D) basophils
E) eosinophils

Question 58

The mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia is located on chromosome ________.

A) 3
B) 11
C) 14
D) 21

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is TRUE?

A) Leukocytes have no nucleus.
B) Leukocytes play a role in oxygen transport.
C) Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements.
D) Leukocytes are only fragments of cells.
E) There is only one kind of leukocyte.

Question 60

The most numerous of the leukocytes is the ________.

A) neutrophil
B) basophil
C) eosinophil
D) lymphocyte
E) monocyte

Question 61

Coumadin (Warfarin)

A) is a potent anticoagulant.
B) is produced by eosinophils.
C) blocks the action of factor X.
D) dissolves blood clots.
E) promotes coagulation.

Question 62

An increased amount of heparin in the blood might

A) speed up the clotting process.
B) slow down the clotting process.
C) stop the clotting process.
D) enhance the clotting process.
E) have no effect on the clotting process.

Question 63

Agglutination of red blood cells means

A) they rupture.
B) they form a clot.
C) they clump together.
D) they lose their nucleus.
E) they bump into each other.

Question 64

Which protein forms a bridge between exposed vessel wall collagen and platelet surface receptors?

A) Thromboxanes
B) von Willebrand factor
C) Endothelin
D) Fibrinogen

Question 65

When a blood vessel is damaged, which of the following events occurs last?

A) Collagen is exposed.
B) Platelets adhere to collagen.
C) Platelets are activated.
D) Platelets begin to stick to each other and form a plug.
E) von Willebrand factor is produced.

Question 66

In the extrinsic pathway, damaged tissues release ________.

A) activated factor V
B) calcium
C) factor VII
D) thromboplastin (tissue factor III)
E) factor XII

Question 67

Choose the arrangement that lists the chemicals in the order in which they would be used for coagulation.
(1) Thrombin
(2) Fibrinogen
(3) Prothrombinase
(4) Activated factor XII

A) 3, 2, 4, 1
B) 4, 3, 2, 1
C) 4, 3, 1, 2
D) 3, 4, 1, 2
E) 3, 1, 4, 2

Question 68

A blood clot attached to a blood vessel wall is called a(n) ________.

A) thrombus
B) embolus
C) prostacyclin
D) hemorrhage
E) anticoagulant

Question 69

Which of the following events is one of the three main stages of coagulation?

A) Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
B) Platelet aggregation
C) Conversion of thrombin to prothrombin
D) Platelet plug formation
E) Calcium release

Question 70

Fibrinolysis is responsible for

A) activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
B) activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
C) clot retraction.
D) clot dissolution.
E) clot consolidation.

Question 71

Healing after clot formation involves

A) clot retraction.
B) repair of the damaged blood vessel by connective tissue cells.
C) clot dissolution.
D) serum being squeezed out of the clot.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 72

Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation by

A) blocking the binding of platelets to collagen.
B) interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins.
C) blocking the effects of serotonin.
D) making the platelet surface less sticky.
E) stimulating the release of heparin.

Question 73

Which ion is necessary for the coagulation process?

A) Na⁺
B) K⁺
C) Mg²⁺
D) Ca²⁺

Question 74

A deficiency of which of the following intermediate cells would result in a marked increase in the clotting time of blood?

A) Lymphoblast
B) Megakaryoblast
C) Monoblast
D) Myeloblast
E) Proerythroblast

Question 75

In the platelet release reaction,

A) factor XII is activated.
B) ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated.
C) activated platelets are connected by fibrinogen.
D) prostaglandin production is inhibited.
E) platelets convert to fibrin.

Question 76

The function of plasmin is to

A) hydrolyze fibrin.
B) activate factor XII.
C) promote platelet plug formation.
D) control osmotic pressure of the blood.
E) promote the formation of plasma.

Question 77

When the antigens on erythrocytes bind with antibodies in the plasma,

A) agglutination of erythrocytes occurs.
B) hemolysis of leukocytes may occur.
C) the antibodies dissolve.
D) the blood group changes.
E) coagulation occurs.

Question 78

Which vitamin is necessary to produce many clotting factors in the liver?

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin K
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin B₃

Question 79

Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence.
(1) Prothrombin → thrombin
(2) Fibrinogen → fibrin
(3) Activation of factor XII
(4) Formation of prothrombinase

A) 4, 3, 1, 2
B) 2, 4, 3, 1
C) 3, 4, 1, 2
D) 3, 2, 4, 1
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 80

The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when ________ comes into contact with collagen.

A) factor III
B) factor VII
C) factor X
D) factor XII
E) calcium