Deck 16: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Sympathetic preganglionic axons

A) can synapse in terminal ganglia.
B) must synapse in parasympathetic ganglia.
C) can synapse with cells in the adrenal cortex.
D) can synapse in the dorsal root ganglion.
E) can synapse in either chain or collateral ganglia.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) The ANS innervates skeletal muscle.
B) ANS functions are consciously controlled.
C) The ANS controls unconscious movement of skeletal muscles.
D) The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.
E) A single neuron from the spinal cord carries action potentials to effector organs in the ANS.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which type of nerve would cause a blood vessel to constrict?

A) Sensory
B) Afferent
C) Autonomic
D) Somatic motor
E) Cranial

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Consider the following situation: Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter a sympathetic chain ganglia. In order for these axons to reach collateral ganglia, they must now travel through

A) a splanchnic nerve.
B) a sympathetic nerve.
C) a gray ramus communicans.
D) a white ramus communicans.
E) a dorsal root ganglion.

Question 5

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ________ division of the ANS.

A) central
B) sympathetic
C) somatic motor
D) parasympathetic
E) ganglionic

Question 6

The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the ________.

A) white ramus communicans
B) gray ramus communicans
C) splanchnic nerve
D) terminal ganglia
E) pink ramus communicans

Question 7

The enteric nervous system can monitor and control digestive functions independently of the CNS.

Question 8

Axons exit the sympathetic chain ganglia by all of the following except

A) spinal nerves.
B) cranial nerves.
C) splanchnic nerves.
D) sympathetic nerves.
E) nerves that innervate the adrenal medulla.

Question 9

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the ________.

A) cranial and sacral regions
B) lumbar and sacral regions
C) cranial and thoracic regions
D) thoracic and lumbar regions
E) cervical and sacral regions

Question 10

In the sympathetic division of the ANS,

A) an important characteristic is convergence of neurons.
B) preganglionic fibers are generally longer than postganglionic fibers.
C) the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.
D) a single preganglionic fiber usually synapses with a single postganglionic fiber.
E) preganglionic fibers emerge from the cervical portion of the spinal cord.

Question 11

Arrange the following in correct sequence:
(1) Autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse
(2) Synapse with target tissues
(3) Preganglionic neuron
(4) Postganglionic neuron

A) 2, 3, 4, 1
B) 1, 3, 2, 4
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 4, 1, 3, 2
E) 4, 3, 1, 2

Question 12

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the

A) length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons.
B) location of the preganglionic cell bodies.
C) position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Digestive tract
D) Skin

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

A) Cardiac muscle
B) Glands
C) Skeletal muscle
D) Smooth muscle in blood vessels
E) Smooth muscle in the digestive system

Question 15

Efferent neurons of the

A) somatic motor nerves innervate smooth muscle.
B) ANS innervate skeletal muscle.
C) somatic motor nerves connect skeletal muscles to the chain ganglia of the spinal cord.
D) ANS utilize one neuron to connect the CNS to the effector organ.
E) ANS utilize two neurons in series to connect the CNS to the effector.

Question 16

Chain ganglia are part of the ________.

A) central nervous system
B) sympathetic branch of the ANS
C) somatic motor branch of the ANS
D) parasympathetic branch of the ANS
E) spinal cord

Question 17

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

A) the absence of preganglionic fibers.
B) the absence of postganglionic axons.
C) short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.
D) short preganglionic axons near the spinal cord.
E) long postganglionic axons.

Question 18

Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

A) Heart
B) Sweat gland
C) Arrector pili of hair follicle
D) Pectoralis major
E) Salivary gland

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron?

A) Enteric interneuron
B) Enteric sensory neuron
C) Enteric bipolar neuron
D) Enteric motor neuron

Question 20

Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes

A) one motor neuron plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
B) one motor neuron plus skeletal muscles as effectors.
C) two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
D) two motor neurons plus skeletal muscles as effectors.
E) three motor neurons plus skeletal muscles as effectors.

Question 21

The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the ________.

A) salivary glands
B) lacrimal glands
C) smooth muscle of the eyes
D) thoracic and abdominal viscera
E) thyroid gland

Question 22

If acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors,

A) Na⁺ channels open.
B) Ca²⁺ channels open.
C) adrenaline is released.
D) G proteins mediate the cell's response.
E) the response is neither excitatory nor inhibitory.

Question 23

Which of the following drugs would be the best choice to use in chronic asthma to dilate the bronchioles?

A) A nicotinic agent
B) A muscarinic agent
C) Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents
D) Beta-adrenergic stimulating agents
E) Ganglionic blocking agents

Question 24

Adrenergic receptors

A) can be activated by the release of epinephrine.
B) have two structural forms-muscarinic and nicotinic.
C) when activated stimulate skeletal muscles to contract.
D) can be found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
E) are activated by the release of acetylcholine.

Question 25

The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have ________.

A) somatotrophic receptors
B) muscarinic receptors
C) adrenergic receptors
D) nicotinic receptors
E) macrotinic receptors

Question 26

Sympathomimetic agents activate

A) nicotinic receptors.
B) muscarinic receptors.
C) adrenergic receptors.
D) somatotrophic receptors.
E) cholinergic receptors.

Question 27

Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of ________.

A) acetylcholine and epinephrine
B) norepinephrine and acetylcholine
C) epinephrine and norepinephrine
D) cortisol
E) aldosterone

Question 28

Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have

A) somatotrophic receptors.
B) muscarinic receptors.
C) adrenergic receptors.
D) nicotinic receptors.
E) macrotinic receptors.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?

A) Spinal nerves
B) Abdominal nerve plexuses
C) Pelvic splanchnic nerves and pelvic nerve plexuses
D) Cranial nerves to the head and neck
E) Vagus nerve and thoracic nerve plexuses

Question 30

Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic?

A) Preganglionic sympathetic
B) Preganglionic parasympathetic
C) Postganglionic sympathetic
D) Postganglionic parasympathetic
E) Postganglionic somatic motor

Question 31

When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors, ________.

A) heart rate increases
B) voluntary movements occur
C) intestinal motility increases
D) intestinal motility decreases
E) intestinal motility stops

Question 32

When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is ________.

A) inhibitory
B) excitatory
C) either excitatory or inhibitory
D) both excitatory and inhibitory
E) neither excitatory nor inhibitory

Question 33

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord course through ________ nerves that innervate the ________.

A) splanchnic; urinary bladder and adrenal glands
B) pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands
C) sacral; lower colon and urinary bladder
D) lumbar; stomach and intestines
E) coccygeal; anus and vagina

Question 34

Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons?

A) Facial
B) Trigeminal
C) Hypoglossal
D) Spinal accessory
E) Abducens

Question 35

The two classes of adrenergic receptors are

A) alpha and beta.
B) splanchnic and terminal.
C) muscarinic and nicotinic.
D) nicotinic and cholinergic.
E) muscarinic and terminal.

Question 36

Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a/an

A) ganglionic blocking agent.
B) beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
C) alpha-adrenergic blocking agent.
D) parasympathetic blocking agent.
E) parasympathomimetic agents.

Question 37

Parasympathetic ganglia are called ________ ganglia.

A) pelvic
B) chain
C) collateral
D) terminal
E) dorsal

Question 38

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers?

A) Glossopharyngeal
B) Vagus
C) Facial
D) Hypoglossal
E) Oculomotor

Question 39

How does distribution of sympathetic nerves differ from the distribution of parasympathetic nerves?

A) Only the sympathetic division serves the head and neck.
B) Only parasympathetic nerves innervate the thoracic region.
C) Sympathetic fibers innervate the abdominal cavity, while parasympathetic fibers innervate the pelvic region.
D) Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers.

Question 40

When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors,

A) Na⁺ channels open.
B) Ca²⁺ channels open.
C) adrenaline is released.
D) G proteins mediate the cell's response.
E) Na⁺ channels are closed.

Question 41

Acetylcholine will cause the pupil of the eye to constrict. A drug acts on receptors for acetylcholine to cause the pupils of the eye to dilate. Nicotine does not bind to receptors in smooth muscle cells of the iris. Therefore, the drug which causes the pupils to dilate is a ________.

A) nicotinic blocking agent
B) muscarinic blocking agent
C) a nicotinic agent
D) a muscarinic agent
E) an adrenergic agent

Question 42

John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is/are involved?

A) Sympathetic division
B) Parasympathetic division
C) Somatic motor division
D) Both "Sympathetic division" and "Parasympathetic division" are correct.

Question 43

The ________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions.

A) parasympathetic
B) somatic
C) sympathetic
D) thoracolumbar
E) sensory

Question 44

The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT

A) the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles
B) the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs
C) gastrointestinal peristalsis
D) heart rate
E) the eye

Question 45

Autonomic reflexes might be integrated in the

A) medulla oblongata.
B) spinal cord.
C) hypothalamus.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated?

A) Increased blood pressure
B) Increased motility of the digestive tract
C) Increased metabolism
D) Increased heart rate
E) Decreased motility of the digestive tract

Question 47

Which type of reflex operates independently of the CNS?

A) Distal reflex
B) Voluntary reflex
C) Local reflex
D) Conscious reflex

Question 48

When a person consumes a substantial amount of nicotine, the response ________.

A) increases parasympathetic responses
B) increases sympathetic responses
C) decreases parasympathetic responses
D) decreases sympathetic responses
E) Both "increases parasympathetic responses" and "increases sympathetic responses" are correct

Question 49

Autonomic reflexes

A) are impossible.
B) are integrated somewhere in the CNS.
C) have efferent input and afferent output.
D) are an example of positive feedback.
E) are harmful.

Question 50

Which part of the CNS integrates thoughts and emotions to produce ANS responses?

A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Midbrain
D) Hypothalamus

Question 51

Which effector has no innervation by parasympathetic nerves?

A) Eye
B) Pancreas
C) Heart
D) Blood vessels

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic effect on the body?

A) Increased coagulation
B) Relaxation of ciliary muscle for far vision
C) Constriction of the pupil
D) Decreased insulin secretion

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic action?

A) Increased tear production
B) Increased motility of the intestines
C) Increased metabolism
D) Increased gastric secretion

Question 54

Which part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS?

A) Medulla oblongata
B) Hypothalamus
C) Thalamus
D) Cerebrum

Question 55

Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to

A) cause vasoconstriction.
B) block muscarinic receptors.
C) dilate the pupils of the eye.
D) prevent increases in heart rate.
E) prevent decreases in heart rate.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Both divisions of the ANS can produce stimulatory effects.
B) Both divisions cooperate to achieve normal reproductive function.
C) Structures receiving dual innervation by the ANS are regulated equally by both divisions.
D) The sympathetic division has more influence under conditions of physical activity than does the parasympathetic division.
E) Dual innervation of organs by both divisions of the ANS is not universal.

Question 57

Stimulation by the autonomic nervous system results in increased insulin secretion from the pancreas during and after a meal. Which of the following are most likely to be true?

A) Increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation.
B) Acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion.
C) Increased insulin secretion is due to sympathetic stimulation.
D) Increased insulin secretion is due to adrenergic agonists.
E) Both "Increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation" and "Acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion" are correct.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division.
B) Increased parasympathetic activity is consistent with increased physical activity.
C) One division of the ANS is always stimulatory, and the other is always inhibitory.
D) Structures receiving both dual autonomic innervation are regulated equally by both divisions.
E) There is dual innervation of all organs.

Question 59

Sympathetic effects are always stimulatory, while parasympathetic effects are always inhibitory.

Question 60

The ________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.

A) craniosacral
B) parasympathetic
C) somatic
D) sympathetic
E) sensory

Question 61

(1) Rate of muscle contraction when beta adrenergic receptors of the heart are stimulated
(2) Rate of muscle contraction when beta adrenergic receptors of intestinal muscle are stimulated

A) First item is greater than the second item.
B) First item is less than the second item.
C) Both items are equal or nearly equal.

Question 62

This figure compares the organization of the somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system. Identify structure "A" on the above diagram.

A) Autonomic ganglion
B) Somatic motor neuron
C) Effector organ (smooth muscle of GI tract)
D) Postganglionic neuron
E) Preganglionic neuron

Question 63

The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the ________.

A) receptor
B) sensory neuron
C) Integration center
D) motor neuron
E) ganglion

Question 64

The figure illustrates the parasympathetic division. What does "E" represent?

A) Preganglionic neurons
B) Pelvic nerves
C) Cranial nerves
D) Postganglionic neurons
E) Terminal ganglia

Question 65

This figure compares the organization of the somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system. Identify structure "D" on the above diagram.

A) Autonomic ganglion
B) Somatic motor neuron
C) Effector organ (smooth muscle of GI tract)
D) Postganglionic neuron
E) Preganglionic neuron

Question 66

(1) The frequency of sympathetic impulses to the heart when blood pressure increases
(2) The frequency of sympathetic impulses to the heart when blood pressure decrease

A) First item is greater than the second item.
B) First item is less than the second item.
C) Both items are equal or nearly equal.

Question 67

The figure illustrates the autonomic reflexes and the heart. What does "A" represent?

A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Increase in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve
D) Decrease in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
E) Vagus nerve

Question 68

The figure illustrates the autonomic reflexes and the heart. What does "E" represent?

A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Increase in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve
D) Decrease in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
E) Vagus nerve

Question 69

This figure compares the organization of the somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system. Identify structure "C" on the above diagram.

A) Autonomic ganglion
B) Somatic motor neuron
C) Effector organ (smooth muscle of GI tract)
D) Postganglionic neuron
E) Preganglionic neuron

Question 70

The figure illustrates the parasympathetic division. What does "B" represent?

A) Preganglionic neurons
B) Pelvic splanchnic nerves
C) Cranial nerves
D) Postganglionic neurons
E) Terminal ganglia

Question 71

The figure illustrates the parasympathetic division. What does "A" represent?

A) Preganglionic neurons
B) Pelvic splanchnic nerves
C) Cranial nerves
D) Postganglionic neurons
E) Terminal ganglia

Question 72

The figure illustrates the parasympathetic division. What does "D" represent?

A) Preganglionic neurons
B) Pelvic splanchnic nerves
C) Cranial nerves
D) Postganglionic neurons
E) Terminal ganglia

Question 73

The figure illustrates the autonomic reflexes and the heart. What does "B" represent?

A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Increase in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve
D) Decrease in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
E) Vagus nerve

Question 74

The figure illustrates the autonomic reflexes and the heart. What does "C" represent?

A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Increase in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve
D) Decrease in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
E) Vagus nerve

Question 75

The figure illustrates the autonomic reflexes and the heart. What does "D" represent?

A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Increase in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve
D) Decrease in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors
E) Vagus nerve

Question 76

This figure compares the organization of the somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system. Identify structure "B" on the above diagram.

A) Autonomic ganglion
B) Somatic motor neuron
C) Effector organ (smooth muscle of GI tract)
D) Postganglionic neuron
E) Preganglionic neuron

Question 77

Which of the following is a sympathetic effect?

A) Constriction of the pupils of the eyes
B) Constriction of the bronchioles in the lungs
C) Contraction of the urinary bladder
D) Increased heart rate
E) Increased gastric secretions

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect?

A) Constriction of the pupils of the eye
B) Contraction of the urinary bladder
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs
E) Increased gastric secretions

Question 79

This figure compares the organization of the somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system. Identify structure "E" on the above diagram.

A) Autonomic ganglion
B) Somatic motor neuron
C) Effector organ (smooth muscle of GI tract)
D) Postganglionic neuron
E) Preganglionic neuron

Question 80

The figure illustrates the parasympathetic division. What does "C" represent?

A) Preganglionic neurons
B) Pelvic splanchnic nerves
C) Cranial nerves
D) Postganglionic neurons
E) Terminal ganglia