Deck 22: The Digestive System

Question 1

The crown of a tooth is covered by:

A) pulp.
B) cementum.
C) enamel.
D) dentin.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's white blood cells attack and destroy exocrine glands, specifically the salivary glands. What could a patient with this syndrome expect?

A) increased risk of dental cavities, or caries
B) increased saliva production
C) impaction of the wisdom teeth
D) increased production of salivary amylase

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Jerry had an ulcer affecting the innermost epithelium of the stomach facing the lumen. Which layer of the alimentary canal was ulcerated?

A) submucosa
B) serosa (adventitia)
C) muscularis externa
D) mucosa

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which nervous system ^primarily controls and increases salivation?

A) enteric nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) submucosal nervous system

Question 5

The sympathetic nervous system:

A) increases chemical digestive processes, but decreases mechanical digestive processes.
B) has no effect on digestive processes.
C) inhibits digestive processes.
D) increases digestive processes.

Question 6

Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains:

A) abdominal reproductive organs.
B) thoracic digestive organs.
C) abdominal digestive organs.
D) thoracic cardiovascular organs.

Question 7

What is the first process to occur in the digestive system?

A) absorption
B) ingestion
C) peristalsis
D) defecation

Question 8

What creates the mesentery?

A) muscularis externa
B) visceral peritoneum
C) parietal peritoneum
D) greater omentum

Question 9

Absorption is best described as the:

A) passage of foods and liquids from one digestive organ to the next.
B) movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal.
C) elimination of feces and some metabolic wastes.
D) reactions that break chemical bonds of food particles.

Question 10

From deep (innermost) to superficial (outermost), the layers of the organs of the alimentary canal are: 1. mucosa
2) muscularis externa
3) serosa (adventitia)
4) submucosa

A) 1, 4, 2, 3
B) 1, 4, 3, 2
C) 1, 2, 4, 3
D) 3, 2, 4, 1

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system?

A) acid ^-base homeostasis
B) fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
C) manufacturing blood cells
D) ingestion of vitamins and minerals

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a process occurring in the oral cavity?

A) propulsion
B) chemical digestion
C) segmentation
D) ingestion

Question 13

Rolita had the mumps as a child and experienced swelling in the parotid glands. What do these glands secrete?

A) sweat
B) tears
C) saliva
D) oil

Question 14

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the:

A) small intestine.
B) esophagus.
C) mouth.
D) stomach.

Question 15

Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal?

A) liver
B) esophagus
C) spleen
D) pancreas

Question 16

The portion of a tooth that is visible above the gum line is known as the:

A) pulp.
B) root.
C) cementum.
D) crown.

Question 17

Damage to the enteric nervous system that innervates the digestive organs could affect:

A) mastication.
B) salivation.
C) deglutition.
D) motility.

Question 18

A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would:

A) decrease gastric secretion.
B) increase the motility of muscularis externa.
C) decrease the motility of muscularis externa.
D) increase gastric secretion.

Question 19

Which tongue papillae lack taste buds?

A) filiform
B) foliate
C) fungiform
D) circumvallate

Question 20

What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

A) periodontal ligament
B) hard palate and soft palate
C) extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
D) labial frenulum and lingual frenulum

Question 21

Mary's stroke left her unable to swallow. What specialized type of propulsion was affected?

A) segmentation
B) deglutition
C) mastication
D) salivation

Question 22

What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine?

A) lower esophageal sphincter
B) pyloric sphincter
C) ileocecal valve
D) gastroesophageal sphincter

Question 23

Which cranial nerve stimulates acid secretion during the stomach's gastric phase?

A) glossopharyngeal nerve
B) hypoglossal nerve
C) accessory nerve
D) vagus nerve

Question 24

Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach?

A) somatostatin
B) secretin
C) gastrin
D) gastric ^-inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Question 25

Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?

A) digestion
B) absorption
C) propulsion
D) secretion

Question 26

Which cells release hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach?

A) parietal cells
B) chief cells
C) mucous neck cells
D) enteroendocrine cells

Question 27

Which of the following encourages gastric emptying?

A) low pH entering the duodenum
B) high solute concentration in chyme entering the duodenum
C) low lipid composition in chyme entering the duodenum
D) high degree of stretch in the duodenum wall

Question 28

What is accomplished by the enterogastric reflex?

A) The enterogastric reflex stimulates intestinal gastrin release.
B) The enterogastric reflex stimulates hydrogen ion release.
C) The enterogastric reflex decreases vagal activity and acid secretion by the stomach.
D) The enterogastric reflex stimulates histamine secretion.

Question 29

Chief cells release:

A) mucus.
B) pepsinogen.
C) gastrin.
D) intrinsic factor.

Question 30

The first sphincter encountered in the alimentary canal is the:

A) upper esophageal sphincter.
B) pyloric sphincter.
C) gastroesophageal sphincter.
D) ileocecal sphincter.

Question 31

The digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid?

A) steroids
B) starches
C) lipids
D) proteins

Question 32

The conversion of pepsinogen into the active form, pepsin, requires:

A) intrinsic factor.
B) an acidic pH.
C) alkaline mucus.
D) vitamin B12.

Question 33

What region of the stomach does food first enters after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter?

A) cardia
B) pylorus
C) body
D) fundus

Question 34

Proton ^-pump inhibitors are drugs that block the secretion of gastric acids. Which cells are affected by these drugs?

A) parietal cells
B) enteroendocrine cells
C) mucous neck cells
D) chief cells

Question 35

What region of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle only?

A) middle third of the esophagus
B) lower third of the esophagus
C) upper third of the esophagus
D) entire length of the esophagus

Question 36

What is the main job of the pharynx?

A) secretion
B) mechanical digestion
C) propulsion
D) absorption

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the vagus nerve on the stomach's activities?

A) stimulation of gastric secretion
B) stimulation of somatostatin secretion
C) stimulation of hydrogen ion release
D) stimulation of histamine secretion

Question 38

What does the gastric pacemaker regulate?

A) hormone secretion by the stomach
B) acid production by the stomach
C) protein digestion by the stomach
D) churning and peristalsis of the stomach

Question 39

Which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?

A) ileum
B) jejunum
C) duodenum
D) cecum

Question 40

What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands?

A) hydrochloric acid (HCl)
B) intrinsic factor
C) gastrin
D) pepsinogen

Question 41

The first portion of the large intestine is the:

A) transverse colon.
B) cecum.
C) rectum.
D) ascending colon.

Question 42

Which of the following operates voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex?

A) internal anal sphincter
B) pyloric sphincter
C) external anal sphincter
D) ileocecal valve

Question 43

What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine?

A) produce vitamins
B) inhibit the immune system
C) deter the growth of harmful bacteria
D) metabolize undigested wastes

Question 44

Which nervous system controls the migrating motor complex of the small intestine?

A) somatic nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) enteric nervous system
D) central nervous system

Question 45

The final process to occur in the alimentary canal is:

A) defecation.
B) secretion.
C) segmentation.
D) absorption.

Question 46

Which process is a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

A) defecation
B) deglutition
C) segmentation
D) peristalsis

Question 47

The pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the:

A) gallbladder.
B) duodenum.
C) liver.
D) stomach.

Question 48

What creates the taeniae coli?

A) longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
B) serosa
C) circular layer of the muscularis externa
D) oblique layer of the muscularis externa

Question 49

Which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?

A) plicae circulares
B) microvilli
C) circular folds
D) villi

Question 50

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the:

A) transverse colon.
B) descending colon.
C) ascending colon.
D) sigmoid colon.

Question 51

The gallbladder is located on the posterior side of the:

A) spleen.
B) liver.
C) pancreas.
D) stomach.

Question 52

Acinar cells of the pancreas release:

A) cholecystokinin.
B) insulin.
C) glucagon.
D) pancreatic juice.

Question 53

Which of the following does NOT increase surface area in the small intestine?

A) microvilli
B) rugae
C) circular folds
D) villi

Question 54

What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?

A) gastroesophageal sphincter
B) pyloric sphincter
C) ileocecal valve
D) circular folds

Question 55

What stimulus initiates the defecation reflex?

A) pressure on the gastroesophageal sphincter
B) presence of acid in the stomach
C) the stretch of the rectum
D) release of secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) by the small intestine

Question 56

What can we consciously control about the defecation reflex?

A) relaxation of the gastroesophageal sphincter
B) relaxation of the internal anal sphincter
C) relaxation of the external anal sphincter
D) relaxation of the rectum

Question 57

Peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the colon toward the distal large intestine are:

A) mass movements.
B) defecation.
C) segmentation.
D) haustral contractions.

Question 58

What is the final segment of the small intestine?

A) ileum
B) jejunum
C) duodenum
D) pylorus

Question 59

Which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes?

A) secretin
B) glucagon
C) insulin
D) cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 60

The falciform ligament separates the:

A) right and left lobes of the liver.
B) quadrate and right lobes of the liver.
C) liver from the gallbladder.
D) caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver.

Question 61

In which organ is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile?

A) duodenum
B) cecum
C) stomach
D) esophagus

Question 62

The removal of the gallbladder will affect:

A) motility of the stomach.
B) bile storage.
C) carbohydrate digestion.
D) bile production.

Question 63

What is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?

A) secretin
B) pancreatic juice
C) bile
D) cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 64

Gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in the:

A) common hepatic duct.
B) accessory pancreatic duct.
C) hepatic portal vein.
D) cystic duct.

Question 65

Cherise is lactose ^-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called:

A) sucrase.
B) galactose.
C) lactase.
D) maltase.

Question 66

The teeth are involved in mechanical digestion as they are the major organs of mastication.

Question 67

Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins?

A) stomach
B) large intestine
C) spleen
D) small intestine

Question 68

Which of the following does NOT transport bile?

A) accessory pancreatic duct
B) common hepatic duct
C) common bile duct
D) cystic duct

Question 69

Since her stomach was removed, Mrs. Lopez has the most difficulty initiating digestion of:

A) monosaccharides.
B) proteins.
C) lipids.
D) oligosaccharides.

Question 70

Emulsification requires:

A) nuclease.
B) bile salts.
C) bile pigments.
D) enzymes.

Question 71

What is the most potent stimulus for bile production and the release of bile by the liver?

A) secretin
B) vagus nerve
C) bile salt re ^-entry into the liver
D) cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 72

The digestive system is regulated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.

Question 73

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose?

A) maltase
B) lactase
C) sucrase
D) lipase

Question 74

What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion?

A) trypsin
B) salivary amylase
C) pancreatic amylase
D) pepsin

Question 75

Ben had most of his stomach removed in an attempt for drastic weight loss. He is at the greatest risk for:

A) dehydration.
B) pernicious anemia.
C) lactose intolerance.
D) gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Question 76

Damaged hepatocytes will impair:

A) bile production.
B) protein digestion.
C) carbohydrate digestion.
D) the defecation reflex.

Question 77

What best exemplifies enzymatic hydrolysis?

A) mastication
B) nutrient breakdown
C) segmentation
D) absorption

Question 78

The mucosa of the alimentary canal from esophagus to anus is composed of simple columnar epithelium.

Question 79

How is fructose absorbed across the apical enterocyte membrane?

A) endocytosis
B) Na⁺/glucose cotransporter
C) Na⁺/K⁺ pump
D) facilitated diffusion

Question 80

What cells compose the liver lobules?

A) hepatocytes
B) parietal cells
C) acinar cells
D) chief cells