Deck 23: Metabolism Nutrition

Question 1

What term best summarizes ATP hydrolysis?

A) anabolic
B) endergonic
C) oxidative
D) exergonic

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The sum of the body's chemical reactions is known as:

A) phosphorylation.
B) metabolism.
C) oxidation.
D) homeostasis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The transfer of a phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP is classified as:

A) first phosphorylation.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) second phosphorylation.
D) substrate ^-level phosphorylation.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

How many ^net ATP are produced as a result of glycolysis?

A) 4 ATP
B) 2 ATP
C) 8 ATP
D) 12 ATP

Question 5

Protein catabolism results in:

A) nucleic acids.
B) amino acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) fatty acids.

Question 6

Electron transfer reactions are termed oxidation reactions.

A) reduction
B) hydrolysis
C) neutralization
D) phosphorylation

Question 7

What is NOT required for glycolysis to occur?

A) ATP
B) mitochondrion
C) phosphate group
D) enzymes

Question 8

The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose in the body is classified as:

A) catabolism.
B) synthesis.
C) anabolism.
D) homeostasis

Question 9

Carbon dioxide results from the loss of carbons during:

A) the electron transport chain.
B) ATP production by ATP synthase.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) chemiosmosis.

Question 10

When electrons are lost from one substance, they are transferred to another molecule in reactions known as:

A) oxidation ^-reduction reactions.
B) synthesis reactions.
C) phosphorylation reactions.
D) endergonic reactions.

Question 11

What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to "pay" for a cellular process?

A) oxidation
B) anabolism
C) phosphorylation
D) synthesis

Question 12

What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle?

A) pyruvate
B) oxaloacetate
C) citric acid
D) succinate

Question 13

When NAD⁺ is ________ it becomes NADH.

A) oxidized
B) hydrolyzed
C) catabolized
D) reduced

Question 14

Substances that lose electrons are said to be:

A) oxidized.
B) anabolized.
C) synthesized.
D) reduced.

Question 15

Under anaerobic conditions, what happens to pyruvate?

A) Pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation.
B) Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
C) Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle.
D) Pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondrion.

Question 16

What do endergonic reactions require?

A) amino acids
B) oxygen
C) glucose
D) energy

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP?

A) amino acids
B) glucose
C) fatty acids
D) nucleic acids

Question 18

Which of the following reactions requires energy, such as ATP, to proceed?

A) phosphorylation reactions
B) endergonic reactions
C) oxidation reactions
D) exergonic reactions

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis?

A) Four molecules of ATP are synthesized.
B) Glucose is split into two three ^-carbon pyruvate molecules.
C) Four molecules of NADH are spent.
D) Two molecules of ATP are spent.

Question 20

What reaction is driven by glucose catabolism?

A) ATP synthesis
B) ATP oxidation ^-reduction
C) ATP hydrolysis
D) ATP catabolism

Question 21

If oxygen was NOT available as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which cellular respiration product could not be made?

A) water
B) acetyl ^-CoA
C) carbon dioxide
D) oxaloacetate

Question 22

In which process of cellular respiration is water produced?

A) glycolysis
B) electron transport chain
C) citrate synthesis
D) citric acid cycle

Question 23

From which of the following are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis?

A) glucose
B) glycerol
C) acetyl ^-CoA
D) NADH

Question 24

What two products can be generated from the transamination of an amino acid?

A) ketone bodies and glycerol
B) a carbon skeleton and the amino acid glutamate
C) palmitic acid and fatty acids
D) fatty acids and glycerol

Question 25

From what part of a triglyceride are ketone bodies produced?

A) glycerol
B) NADH
C) acetyl ^-CoA
D) glyceraldehyde ^-3 ^-phosphate

Question 26

What ions flow along the electrochemical gradient back into the matrix to drive the work of ATP synthesis?

A) oxygen
B) bicarbonate
C) iron
D) hydrogen

Question 27

Julia has diabetes mellitus and is experiencing ketoacidosis. What does her body use to generate ATP?

A) glycerol
B) glucose
C) glycogen
D) fatty acids

Question 28

A drug inhibits the work of ATP synthase. Determine the effect on chemiosmosis.

A) Carbon dioxide would no longer be made as a result of ATP production.
B) Oxygen would no longer be required for ATP production.
C) ATP production would increase rapidly.
D) ATP production would stop.

Question 29

During fi ^-oxidation, what happens to the FADH₂ and NADH that are oxidized from the fatty acid chain?

A) FADH₂ and NADH enter the citric acid cycle.
B) FADH₂ and NADH enter glycolysis.
C) FADH₂ and NADH enter the electron transport chain.
D) FADH₂ and NADH enter substrate ^-level phosphorylation.

Question 30

Transamination results in an ammonia ^-containing product that can be eliminated by the kidneys in the urine called:

A) creatinine.
B) bilirubin.
C) bicarbonate ion.
D) urea.

Question 31

What type of organic molecule must undergo transamination prior to being used for ATP synthesis?

A) amino acids
B) glucose
C) glycerol
D) fatty acids

Question 32

A mutation has damaged the formation of oxaloacetate. What process will be impaired?

A) ATP synthase
B) chemiosmosis
C) electron transport chain
D) citric acid cycle

Question 33

How many ATP molecules are made when one glucose molecule is completely oxidized?

A) 38 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 24 ATP
D) 2 ATP

Question 34

A drug inhibits the citric acid cycle from generating ATP. How many ATP are lost from the total amount of ATP made thus far between the processes of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A) 12 ATP
B) 2 ATP
C) 4 ATP
D) 1 ATP

Question 35

If NADH and FADH₂ fail to be oxidized as part of the electron transport chain (ETC), what is affected?

A) the regeneration of oxaloacetate
B) the phosphorylation and oxidation of glyceraldehyde ^-3 ^-phosphate
C) the electromotive force required to drive the electron transport chain (ETC)
D) the formation of acetyl ^-CoA

Question 36

The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can generate ATP through:

A) glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
B) oxidative deamination.
C) the electron transport chain or chemiosmosis.
D) fi ^-oxidation.

Question 37

Which of the following results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride?

A) polysaccharides
B) nucleic acids
C) glycerol and fatty acids
D) amino acids

Question 38

What is required for glucose catabolism to proceed beyond glycolysis?

A) carbon dioxide
B) oxygen
C) water
D) heat

Question 39

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A) oxygen
B) pyruvate
C) carbon dioxide
D) acetyl ^-CoA

Question 40

What part of a triglyceride undergoes fi ^-oxidation?

A) glycerol
B) glucose
C) fatty acids
D) glycogen

Question 41

The process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as:

A) glycolysis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) glycogenolysis.
D) glycogenesis.

Question 42

What hormone suppresses the appetite?

A) ghrelin
B) orexin
C) neuropeptide Y
D) leptin

Question 43

Determine the effect of inadequate insulin on the absorptive state.

A) Anabolic processes will be impaired.
B) Blood glucose levels will decrease.
C) Gluconeogenesis will release glucose into the blood.
D) Glycogenolysis will release glucose into the blood.

Question 44

Julian likes to ride his bike every day. Determine the effect of exercise on his basal metabolic rate (BMR).

A) The metabolic rate increases during exercise as much as ten ^-fold above BMR.
B) The metabolic rate decreases during exercise as much as ten ^-fold below BMR.
C) BMR is not influenced by exercise.
D) The metabolic rate only increases if the person exercising is male.

Question 45

Select the statement that best describes lipogenesis.

A) Fatty acids are synthesized during lipogenesis.
B) Fatty acids are converted to glucose during lipogenesis.
C) Glycogen is converted to glucose during lipogenesis.
D) Amino acids are assembled into proteins during lipogenesis.

Question 46

The majority of the body's energy is stored as:

A) amino acids.
B) glycogen.
C) glucose.
D) triglycerides.

Question 47

Under normal conditions, where should we expect to see ^most urea?

A) extracellular fluids
B) urine
C) intracellular fluids
D) blood

Question 48

Feeding centers are located in the:

A) pons.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) corpus callosum.

Question 49

What molecule ^cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?

A) glycerol
B) fatty acid
C) glucogenic amino acids
D) pyruvate

Question 50

Heat is exchanged between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

A) evaporation.
B) radiation.
C) convection.
D) precipitation.

Question 51

Which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood?

A) glucagon
B) cortisol
C) insulin
D) epinephrine

Question 52

Kidney failure can lead to a build ^-up of a product of transamination in the blood. Which of the following would you expect to remain in the blood rather than be released into the urine?

A) ammonia
B) fatty acids
C) ketone bodies
D) glycerol

Question 53

Which of the following does NOT occur during the absorptive state?

A) oxidation of nutrient molecules
B) lipogenesis
C) gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
D) glycogenesis

Question 54

The release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of:

A) creatinine.
B) ammonia.
C) fatty acids.
D) ketone bodies.

Question 55

The total amount of energy expended by the body to power ^all of its processes is called:

A) the metabolic rate.
B) cellular respiration.
C) the basal metabolic rate.
D) homeostasis.

Question 56

Excess dietary proteins may become all of the following EXCEPT:

A) fatty acids.
B) glycogen.
C) glucose.
D) glycerol.

Question 57

The products of glycogenolysis are the same as the reactants of:

A) glycolysis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) glycogenesis.
D) lipolysis.

Question 58

Classify the conversion of glycerol into glucose.

A) gluconeogenesis
B) glycolysis
C) glycogenesis
D) glycogenolysis

Question 59

As a way to conserve glucose for the cells of the nervous system during glucose sparing, the body preferentially catabolizes:

A) amino acids.
B) glycogen.
C) fatty acids.
D) glycerol.

Question 60

Which hormone has an anorexigenic effect on appetite?

A) orexins
B) neuropeptide Y
C) leptin
D) ghrelin

Question 61

When NADH is oxidized, it becomes NAD⁺.

Question 62

Which type of lipoprotein transfers cholesterol from the cells in peripheral tissues to the liver for inclusion as part of bile?

A) low ^-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
B) lipoprotein lipase
C) very ^-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
D) high ^-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Question 63

Endergonic reactions release more energy than is needed to proceed.

Question 64

Thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near:

A) 37.5 °C (99.5 °F).
B) 39.0 °C (102.2 °F).
C) 35.4 °C (95.7 °F).
D) 34.7 °C (94.5 °F).

Question 65

How are vitamins classified?

A) carbohydrates
B) minerals.
C) macronutrients
D) micronutrients

Question 66

Which of the following body temperatures is recognized as hypothermia?

A) below 32 °C (89.6 °F)
B) above 38.3 °C (101 °F)
C) above 42.8 °C (109 °F)
D) above 41.1 °C (106 °F)

Question 67

Which statement is TRUE regarding complete proteins?

A) Complete proteins can be synthesized from carbon skeletons.
B) Complete proteins provide all of the essential amino acids.
C) Complete proteins can only be obtained from animal proteins.
D) Complete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.

Question 68

When body temperature increases above the normal range, thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the increase in body temperature. The heat ^-loss center of the hypothalamus is activated, which sends signals to blood vessels and sweat glands. In response, blood vessels in the skin dilate and sweat glands release sweat. Determine the part of this
Negative feedback loop that serves as the effector(s).

A) blood vessels and sweat glands
B) thermoreceptors
C) hypothalamus
D) body temperature

Question 69

Recommended daily intake of carbohydrates should mostly come from:

A) polysaccharides.
B) disaccharides.
C) monosaccharides.
D) simple sugars.

Question 70

Select the two factors upon which body mass index depends.

A) muscle mass and fat mass
B) height and weight
C) ethnicity and sex
D) body type and physical activity

Question 71

Fruits, honey, candy, and juices are dietary sources of:

A) unsaturated fatty acids.
B) polysaccharides.
C) monosaccharides and disaccharides.
D) complete proteins.

Question 72

When body temperature decreases below the normal range, thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the decrease in body temperature. The heat ^-promoting center of the hypothalamus is activated, which sends signals to blood vessels and skeletal muscles. In
Response, blood vessels in the skin constrict and skeletal muscles shiver. Determine the part of this negative feedback loop that serves as the control center.

A) thermoreceptors
B) body temperature
C) hypothalamus
D) blood vessels and skeletal muscles

Question 73

What percentage of the total Caloric intake should be saturated fats?

A) 45 ^-60%
B) no greater than 10%
C) 0%
D) no greater than 30%

Question 74

Essential nutrients:

A) include most carbohydrates.
B) are made by the body.
C) are only obtained through the diet.
D) include cholesterol.

Question 75

Reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule are known as anabolic reactions.

Question 76

Which of the following food sources is a poor source of minerals?

A) high ^-fat foods
B) meats
C) fruits
D) vegetables

Question 77

Ella sweats out fluids on a hot, dry day without realizing she is losing heat and fluids insensibly. Determine what Ella experiences when sweating.

A) radiation
B) conduction
C) convection
D) evaporation

Question 78

You have received a copy of your blood report. You were happy to see high levels of:

A) cholesterol.
B) low ^-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
C) high ^-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
D) very ^-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs).

Question 79

What part of the brain is involved in thermoregulation?

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) pons
D) midbrain

Question 80

Which of these vitamins is water ^-soluble?

A) vitamin K
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D