Deck 17: The Cardiovascular System I: the Heart

Question 1

Which vessel supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood?

A) superior vena cava
B) aorta
C) pulmonary trunk
D) coronary sinus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The apex of the heart is situated toward the:

A) left hip.
B) left shoulder.
C) posterior rib cage.
D) right shoulder.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The coronary sinus does NOT receive blood from the:

A) small cardiac vein.
B) great cardiac vein.
C) brachiocephalic vein.
D) middle cardiac vein.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which two arteries arise from the right coronary artery?

A) the right anterior interventricular artery and the right circumflex artery
B) the left marginal artery and the right circumflex artery
C) the right anterior interventricular artery and the left posterior interventricular artery
D) the right marginal artery and the right posterior interventricular artery

Question 5

The heart is situated in the middle of the thoracic cavity in a region known as the:

A) dorsal cavity.
B) cardiac notch.
C) mediastinum.
D) pleural cavity.

Question 6

The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the:

A) pulmonary trunk.
B) superior vena cava.
C) aorta.
D) coronary sinus.

Question 7

The right side of the heart receives:

A) oxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.
B) oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.
C) deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.
D) deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.

Question 8

Both the left and right atria receive blood from:

A) the ventricles.
B) arteries.
C) veins.
D) the lungs.

Question 9

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

A) prevent backflow of blood through the heart
B) invert during contraction of the ventricles
C) promote contraction of the ventricles
D) eliminate pressure variances within the heart

Question 10

What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles?

A) interatrial septum
B) interventricular septum
C) atrioventricular sulcus
D) interventricular sulcus

Question 11

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?

A) pulmonary artery
B) pulmonary vein
C) pulmonary trunk
D) superior vena cava

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT return blood to the right atrium of the heart?

A) superior vena cava
B) inferior vena cava
C) coronary sinus
D) pulmonary vein

Question 13

Which opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart connects the right and left atrium?

A) fossa ovalis
B) foramen ovale
C) ligamentum arteriosum
D) ductus arteriosus

Question 14

Generally, coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the:

A) inferior vena cava.
B) coronary sinus.
C) aorta.
D) superior vena cava.

Question 15

What is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac?

A) parietal pericardium
B) visceral pericardium
C) epicardium
D) fibrous pericardium

Question 16

The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to and from the:

A) body.
B) brain.
C) liver.
D) lungs.

Question 17

What is found between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium?

A) the heart
B) fibrous pericardium
C) pericardial fluid
D) the lungs

Question 18

Coronary circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the:

A) heart.
B) brain.
C) liver.
D) lungs.

Question 19

What muscles, present in the ventricles, anchor by tendon ^-like chords called chordae tendineae?

A) papillary muscles
B) pectinate muscles
C) trabeculae carneae
D) ligamentum arteriosum

Question 20

The visceral pericardium is the same as the:

A) fibrous pericardium.
B) myocardium.
C) epicardium.
D) endocardium.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a population of pacemaker cells in the heart?

A) sinoatrial (SA) node
B) atrioventricular (AV) node
C) Purkinje fiber system
D) papillary muscles

Question 22

What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?

A) sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) excitability
C) striations
D) intercalated discs

Question 23

Where should the left ventricle send blood?

A) coronary sinus
B) aorta
C) left atrium
D) pulmonary trunk

Question 24

What do pacemaker cell action potentials lack?

A) repolarization
B) depolarization
C) threshold
D) plateau phase

Question 25

Which of the following pacemaker cell populations has the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization at about 60 times per minute?

A) atrioventricular (AV) node
B) Purkinje fiber system
C) sinoatrial (SA) node
D) atrioventricular (AV) bundle

Question 26

What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

A) right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
B) pulmonary valve
C) aortic valve
D) left atrioventricular valve (mitral or bicuspid valve)

Question 27

How do cardiac cells sustain a membrane potential of around 0 mV during the long plateau phase?

A) Calcium channels remain open.
B) decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane
C) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions
D) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions

Question 28

What vessel(s) deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

A) pulmonary arteries
B) pulmonary trunk
C) pulmonary veins
D) aorta

Question 29

A contractile cell with a membrane potential of 0 mV is experiencing the:

A) initial repolarization phase.
B) repolarization phase.
C) rapid depolarization phase.
D) plateau phase.

Question 30

During what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell?

A) plateau phase
B) rapid depolarization phase
C) repolarization phase
D) initial repolarization phase

Question 31

What ion movement changes the membrane potential in a contractile cell from negative to positive?

A) influx of sodium ions
B) outflow of potassium ions
C) influx of calcium ions
D) outflow of calcium ions

Question 32

The length of the cardiac action potential, at 200 ^-300 msec, is dependent upon the:

A) initial repolarization phase.
B) repolarization phase.
C) plateau phase.
D) rapid depolarization phase.

Question 33

Blood in the right atrium should travel next past the:

A) tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
B) pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary capillaries.
C) pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk.
D) mitral valve and into the left ventricle.

Question 34

Autorhythmicity is the responsibility of:

A) cardiac pacemaker cells.
B) cardiac muscle cells.
C) skeletal muscle cells.
D) contractile cells.

Question 35

The rapid influx of sodium ions into contractile cells creates a positive membrane potential inside the cell and initiates the:

A) initial repolarization phase.
B) repolarization phase.
C) plateau phase.
D) rapid depolarization phase.

Question 36

What vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchange?

A) pulmonary trunk
B) coronary artery
C) circumflex artery
D) aorta

Question 37

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves attach directly to:

A) chordae tendineae.
B) pectinate muscles.
C) papillary muscles.
D) trabeculae carneae.

Question 38

An insufficient mitral valve (bicuspid valve, or left atrioventricular valve) would allow the backflow of blood into the:

A) left ventricle.
B) aorta.
C) left atrium.
D) right atrium.

Question 39

Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?

A) pulmonary trunk
B) superior vena cava
C) pulmonary vein
D) coronary sinus

Question 40

As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell refractory period, cardiac muscle can NOT exhibit:

A) fatigue.
B) treppe.
C) oxygen debt.
D) tetany.

Question 41

The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the:

A) atrioventricular (AV) node.
B) Purkinje fibers.
C) sinoatrial (SA) node.
D) atrioventricular (AV) bundle.

Question 42

What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?

A) Purkinje fiber system
B) atrioventricular (AV) node
C) sinoatrial (SA) node
D) atrioventricular (AV) bundle

Question 43

How much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase?

A) 120 ml
B) 90 ml
C) 70 ml
D) 50 ml

Question 44

High pressured blood in the ventricles:

A) forces both the AV valves and semilunar valves shut.
B) forces both the AV valves and semilunar valves open.
C) forces the semilunar valves open.
D) forces the AV valves open.

Question 45

What activity is occurring in the heart during the Q ^-T interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A) The AV node delay occurs as the action potential spreads from the SA node to the atria to the ventricles.
B) The ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials.
C) The ventricular cells are repolarizing.
D) The atrial cells are undergoing action potentials.

Question 46

What is NOT part of the cardiac conduction system?

A) atrioventricular (AV) bundle
B) sinoatrial sinoatrial (SA) node
C) atrioventricular (AV) valve
D) atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 47

Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) would ^most be affected by abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles?

A) T wave
B) R ^-T interval
C) QRS wave
D) P wave

Question 48

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the:

A) atria.
B) ventricles.
C) sinoatrial (SA) node.
D) atrioventricular (AV) node.

Question 49

On an electrocardiogram (ECG), atrial repolarization is obscured by the:

A) S ^-T segment.
B) P wave.
C) T wave.
D) QRS wave.

Question 50

End ^-diastolic volume for each ventricle during rest is normally about:

A) 120 ml.
B) 25 ml.
C) 50 ml.
D) 70 ml.

Question 51

When is the S1 heart sound heard?

A) isovolumetric contraction phase
B) ventricular filling
C) ventricular ejection phase
D) isovolumetric relaxation phase

Question 52

Which of the following can be used to measure heart rate?

A) R ^-R interval
B) P ^-R interval
C) Q ^-T interval
D) S ^-T segment

Question 53

Determine the impact if the connection between the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node becomes blocked.

A) The ventricular rhythm will not change.
B) The ventricles will beat faster.
C) The ventricles will beat more slowly.
D) The atria will contract more forcefully.

Question 54

Predict the position of the valves when the ventricles contract.

A) Both AV valves and semilunar valves are forced shut.
B) Both AV valves are forced open while both semilunar valves are forced shut.
C) Both AV valves and semilunar valves are forced open.
D) Both AV valves are forced shut while both semilunar valves are forced open.

Question 55

Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per minute. Classify his cardiac dysrhythmia.

A) heart block
B) asystole
C) bradycardia
D) tachycardia

Question 56

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?

A) T wave
B) QRS wave
C) R ^-R interval
D) P wave

Question 57

A damaged right bundle branch will prevent the passage of the action potential to the:

A) atrioventricular (AV) bundle.
B) Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle.
C) sinoatrial (SA) node.
D) atrioventricular (AV) node.

Question 58

What produces the "lub dub" heart sounds?

A) the vibrations of the ventricular and blood vessel walls when valves shut
B) the sound of blood traveling through the heart
C) the relaxation of the atria, and then the ventricles
D) the contraction of the atria, and then the ventricles

Question 59

The amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular ejection phase is normally about:

A) 120 ml.
B) 70 ml.
C) 50 ml.
D) 30 ml.

Question 60

A damaged atrioventricular (AV) bundle or atrioventricular (AV) node will primarily affect the length of the:

A) T wave.
B) Q ^-T interval.
C) P ^-R interval.
D) P wave.

Question 61

What largely determines preload?

A) stroke volume
B) afterload
C) end ^-systolic volume (ESV)
D) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV)

Question 62

The left side of the heart is often called the systemic pump due to blood flow to the body.

Question 63

Afterload is described as:

A) the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries.
B) the ability to generate tension.
C) the length or degree of stretch of the sarcomeres in the ventricular cells before they contract.
D) the amount of blood that has drained into the ventricle by the end of the filling phase.

Question 64

Calculate the cardiac output if the heart rate is 100 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 65 ml.

A) 6500 ml/min
B) 65 ml/min
C) 650 ml/min
D) 0.65 ml/min

Question 65

The degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called:

A) afterload.
B) preload.
C) contractility.
D) stroke volume.

Question 66

Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?

A) norepinephrine
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) aldosterone
D) atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 67

Stroke volume averages about:

A) 25 ml per heart beat.
B) 70 ml per heart beat.
C) 180 ml per heart beat.
D) 120 ml per heart beat.

Question 68

Which of the following volumes should be the greatest?

A) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) ^- end systolic volume (ESV)
B) stroke volume (SV)
C) end ^-systolic volume (ESV)
D) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV)

Question 69

Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 85 beats/minute, end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) is 130 ml, and end ^-systolic volume (ESV) is 60 ml.

A) 5100 ml/min
B) 5950 ml/min
C) 7800 ml/min
D) 16,140 ml/min

Question 70

Which of the following decreases heart rate?

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) norepinephrine
D) glucagon

Question 71

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) corresponds with the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

A) T wave
B) S wave
C) P wave
D) S ^-T segment

Question 72

During what phase does blood flow from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta?

A) ventricular ejection phase
B) isovolumetric contraction phase
C) isovolumetric relaxation phase
D) ventricular filling

Question 73

Inotropic agents affect:

A) heart rate.
B) stroke volume.
C) depolarization.
D) contractility.

Question 74

What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle?

A) stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)
B) heart rate (HR) and end ^-diastolic volume (EDV)
C) stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP)
D) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) and end ^-systolic volume (ESV)

Question 75

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one heartbeat is known as:

A) cardiac output (CO).
B) stroke volume (SV).
C) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV).
D) heart rate (HR).

Question 76

Calculate the end ^-systolic volume (ESV) if the end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 ml and stroke volume (SV) is 70 ml.

A) 180 ml
B) 40 ml
C) 10 ml
D) 50 ml

Question 77

What wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) occurs during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?

A) P wave
B) R wave
C) Q wave
D) T wave

Question 78

Which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on heart rate?

A) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)
B) trochlear nerves (CN IV)
C) vagus nerves (CN X)
D) glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)

Question 79

What best describes the Frank ^-Starling law?

A) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the slower the heart rate, the greater the cardiac output.
B) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the greater the stroke volume, the greater the heart rate.
C) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the more the ventricular muscle cells are stretched, the more forcefully they contract.
D) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the greater the volume of blood discharged from the heart, the greater the pressure required to discharge the blood.

Question 80

Which chamber experiences a maximum pressure of around 118 mm Hg during contraction?

A) right atrium
B) right ventricle
C) left ventricle
D) left atrium