Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as:

A) trophic hormones.
B) growth hormones.
C) steroid hormones.
D) tropic hormones.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A) vermis
B) isthmus
C) medulla oblongata
D) infundibulum

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What serves as the link between the hydrophilic hormone serving as the first messenger and the second messenger?

A) G ^-protein
B) cAMP
C) adenylate cyclase
D) protein kinase

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time.

A) several hundred
B) a few
C) only one
D) an unlimited number of

Question 5

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

A) pituitary gland
B) pineal gland
C) thyroid gland
D) adrenal gland

Question 6

Hormones that act on the same target cells yet have opposite effects are said to be:

A) synergists.
B) neurohormones.
C) hydrophilic hormones.
D) antagonists.

Question 7

Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ?

A) testes
B) thyroid gland
C) heart
D) pineal gland

Question 8

What type of hormone can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

A) hydrophobic hormones
B) protein hormones
C) amine hormones
D) hydrophilic hormones

Question 9

What do paracrine cells target?

A) nearby but different types of cells
B) distant tissues
C) cells using neurotransmitters
D) the same cell or cell type.

Question 10

What is a major function of the endocrine system?

A) The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.
B) The endocrine system secretes products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.
C) The endocrine system communicates directly with target cells through the use of neurotransmitters.
D) The endocrine system produces immediate, short ^-lasting effects.

Question 11

All target cells:

A) secrete hormones.
B) are found in the blood.
C) produce their own hormones.
D) have receptors to which hormones bind.

Question 12

What type of hormone travels in the blood plasma bound to a protein?

A) protein hormones
B) neurotransmitters
C) hydrophilic hormones
D) hydrophobic hormones

Question 13

Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands to regulate some functions of other cells are known as:

A) antibodies.
B) hormones.
C) electrolytes.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 14

What type of hormone is made from cholesterol?

A) protein hormone
B) steroid hormone
C) peptide hormone
D) amine hormone

Question 15

When blood glucose levels increase, a hormone called insulin is released from endocrine cells in the pancreas. The role of insulin is to return blood glucose levels to normal. Which part of this negative feedback loop is the stimulus?

A) increasing blood glucose levels
B) blood glucose levels return to normal
C) insulin
D) pancreas

Question 16

How are the nervous system and endocrine system similar?

A) Effects of both the nervous system and the endocrine system are immediate and short ^-lasting.
B) Both the nervous system and the endocrine system operate over a series of neurons to directly affect target cells.
C) The nervous system works antagonistically to the endocrine system to achieve homeostasis.
D) Cells of both the nervous system and the endocrine system release chemicals to communicate with cells.

Question 17

Endocrine cells that increase hormone secretion in response to other hormones are controlled by:

A) positive stimuli.
B) neural stimuli.
C) humoral stimuli.
D) hormonal stimuli.

Question 18

Increasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is known as:

A) neural stimulation.
B) hormonal stimulation.
C) positive stimulation.
D) humoral stimulation.

Question 19

What type of tissue makes up the a, or anterior pituitary gland?

A) dense elastic connective tissue
B) glandular epithelium
C) loose adipose connective tissue
D) nervous tissue

Question 20

Upon binding to a receptor to form a hormone ^-receptor complex, steroid hormones may cause:

A) the activation of protein kinases.
B) the formation of cAMP.
C) the activation of adenylate cyclase.
D) an increase in protein synthesis.

Question 21

Which of the following glands is located in the anterior neck, just superficial to the larynx?

A) pancreas
B) thyroid gland
C) thymus
D) pituitary gland

Question 22

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates closes causes a disorder known as:

A) acromegaly
B) congenital hypothyroidism
C) pituitary dwarfism
D) gigantism

Question 23

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) made?

A) posterior pituitary
B) thyroid gland
C) anterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus

Question 24

What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

A) thyroxine (T₄)
B) triiodothyronine (T₃₎
C) calcitonin
D) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 25

Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland?

A) corticotropin ^-releasing hormone (CRH)
B) prolactin ^-inhibiting factor
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 26

When growth hormone levels are low, which hormone stimulates its release?

A) somatostatin
B) growth hormone ^-releasing hormone (GHRH)
C) somatotropin
D) prolactin ^-releasing hormone (PRH)

Question 27

Which hormone controls the milk ^-let ^-down reflex?

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)
B) gonadotropins
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin

Question 28

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

A) increases urine production by the kidneys
B) water retention by the kidneys
C) sodium retention by the kidneys
D) blood glucose regulation

Question 29

What hormones are made by the posterior pituitary?

A) stimulating hormones
B) No hormones are made by the posterior pituitary.
C) releasing and inhibiting hormones
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 30

What does thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

A) hypothalamus
B) posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
C) thyroid gland
D) anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Question 31

Which of the following is a gonadotropin?

A) corticotropin ^-releasing hormone (CRH)
B) thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone (TRH)
C) adrenocortotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) follicle ^-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 32

Thermoregulation is the responsibility of:

A) calcitonin.
B) thyroid hormones.
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D) thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 33

A short ^-term effect of growth hormone is:

A) the production of insulin ^-like growth factor (IGF).
B) protein synthesis.
C) the stimulation of glucose uptake by cells.
D) fat breakdown.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a main effect of the thyroid hormones?

A) regulation of blood calcium levels
B) regulation of the metabolic rate and thermoregulation
C) promotion of growth and development
D) synergism with the sympathetic nervous system

Question 35

What is delivered over the hypothalamic ^-hypophyseal portal system?

A) tropic hormones
B) releasing and inhibiting hormones
C) stimulating hormones
D) trophic hormones

Question 36

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄)?

A) calcium
B) iodine
C) magnesium
D) potassium

Question 37

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?

A) hypothalamus
B) posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
C) anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
D) thyroid gland

Question 38

What does thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone target?

A) thyroid gland
B) hypothalamus
C) posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
D) anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Question 39

Which of the following organs contains target cells for oxytocin?

A) lungs
B) bones
C) mammary glands
D) kidneys

Question 40

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

A) increasing blood pressure
B) increasing blood glucose levels in the blood
C) increasing solute concentration of the urine
D) increasing solute concentration of the blood

Question 41

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier.

A) thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T₃ and T₄, thyrotropic ^-releasing hormone (TRH)
B) thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T₃ and T₄
C) thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T₃ and T₄, thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T₃ and T₄

Question 42

What is NOT a primary effect of aldosterone?

A) maintaining blood pressure
B) regulating extracellular fluid volume
C) maintaining blood glucose
D) maintaining acid ^-base balance

Question 43

Under normal conditions, what is the response to an increase in thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A) decrease in thyroxine (T₄) production
B) increase in thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH) production
C) decrease in triiodothyronine (T₃) production
D) increase in growth hormone production

Question 44

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

A) androgenic steroids
B) glucocorticoids
C) corticosteroids
D) catecholamines

Question 45

Avery has high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration). The hypersecretion of which hormone could lead to his condition?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) aldosterone
D) calcitonin

Question 46

Excess cortisol could result in:

A) an alkaline blood pH.
B) high blood glucose levels.
C) low blood pressure.
D) increased parasympathetic nervous system activation.

Question 47

If the thyroid gland is unable to produce iodinated thyroglobulin, what is the effect on hormone production?

A) Triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄) production continues uninterrupted.
B) Less thyroid ^-stimulating hormone (TSH) is made.
C) Less triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄) hormones are made.
D) Excess triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄) hormones are made.

Question 48

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?

A) somatostatin
B) corticotropic ^-releasing hormone (CRH)
C) growth hormone ^-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D) thyrotropic ^-releasing hormoen (TRH)

Question 49

Harrie has recurring kidney stones. Which hormone should be checked for normal levels?

A) thyroxine (T₄)
B) calcitonin
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) triiodothyronine (T₃)

Question 50

Classify aldosterone to the appropriate group of hormones.

A) mineralocorticoid
B) androgenic steroid
C) catecholamine
D) glucocorticoid

Question 51

What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A) mineralocorticoids
B) androgenic steroids
C) glucocorticoids
D) neurohormones

Question 52

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A) low basal metabolic rate
B) hypocalcemia
C) cold temperatures
D) hypercalcemia

Question 53

What inhibits aldosterone release?

A) angiotensin II
B) decreased blood potassium ion concentration
C) decreased blood pH
D) corticosteroid ^-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 54

Which of the following accompanies Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

A) fast heart rate
B) exophthalmos
C) heat intolerance
D) weight gain

Question 55

What is NOT a symptom of hyperthryoidism?

A) heat intolerance
B) slow heart rate
C) weight loss
D) increased blood pressure

Question 56

From superficial to deep, the three layers of the adrenal cortex are:

A) zona fasciculata, zona intermedius, zona glomerulosa.
B) zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis.
C) zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona medullaris.
D) zona glomerulosa, zona reticularis, zona fasciculata.

Question 57

Aldosterone regulates:

A) extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels.
B) blood glucose levels.
C) blood iodide ion levels.
D) blood calcium ion levels.

Question 58

Edna complains of weight gain, cold intolerance, and low blood pressure. What disorder do her symptoms match?

A) hypothyroidism
B) exophthalmos
C) hyperthyroidism
D) Graves' disease

Question 59

What is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A) increased osteoblast activity
B) increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys
C) increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine
D) increased release of calcium ions from bone

Question 60

What is NOT a primary target tissue of cortisol?

A) nervous tissue
B) muscle tissue
C) adipose tissue
D) liver tissue

Question 61

Which hormones of the HPA axis stimulate the synthesis of epinephrine by chromaffin cells?

A) gonadotropin ^-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B) thyrotropic ^-releasing hormone (TRH)
C) growth hormone ^-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 62

Cushing's disease results from:

A) hyposecretion of epinephrine.
B) hypersecretion of aldosterone.
C) hypersecretion of cortisol.
D) hyposecretion of insulin.

Question 63

What is the main function of glucagon?

A) regulate blood pressure
B) lower blood glucose levels
C) raise blood glucose levels
D) regulate sodium and potassium ion levels

Question 64

What stimulates melatonin production?

A) increasing blood glucose levels
B) increasing blood pressure
C) immune system
D) light and dark cycles

Question 65

Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis as a way to increase blood glucose levels?

A) cortisol
B) insulin
C) melatonin
D) aldosterone

Question 66

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of:

A) chief cells.
B) B lymphocytes.
C) T lymphocytes.
D) alpha cells.

Question 67

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and glucagon?

A) chromaffin cells
B) acinar cells
C) pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
D) chief cells

Question 68

Type I diabetes mellitus is caused by a lack of:

A) insulin.
B) aldosterone.
C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
D) glucagon.

Question 69

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

A) cortisol
B) insulin
C) thyroid hormone
D) growth hormone

Question 70

Hyposecretion of both aldosterone and cortisol results in:

A) Cushing's disease
B) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
C) Graves' disease
D) Addison's disease

Question 71

Epinephrine is produced by:

A) zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
B) chief cells of the parathyroid glands.
C) chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
D) zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.

Question 72

High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of:

A) growth hormone ^-releasing hormone (GHRH).
B) gonadotropin ^-releasing hormone (GnRH).
C) thyrotropin ^-releasing hormone (TRH).
D) corticotropin ^-releasing hormone (CRH).

Question 73

Which hormone acts as a potent anti ^-inflammatory agent?

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) epinephrine
D) insulin

Question 74

The effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine have nearly the same effects as the neurotransmitters of the:

A) parasympathetic nervous system.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) afferent nervous system.

Question 75

What might accompany an overdose of insulin?

A) hypoglycemia
B) hyperglycemia
C) ketoacidosis
D) polyuria

Question 76

What is NOT a responsibility of insulin?

A) synthesis of fats from carbohydrates and lipids
B) glycogen synthesis by the liver
C) gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
D) promotion of satiety

Question 77

Glucagon operates under:

A) humoral stimulation.
B) hormonal stimulation.
C) neurohormonal stimulation.
D) neural stimulation.

Question 78

Glucosuria and ketonuria are characteristic of:

A) diabetes mellitus.
B) diabetes insipidus.
C) Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
D) Graves' disease.

Question 79

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A) growth hormone
B) glucagon
C) cortisol
D) insulin

Question 80

Melatonin is produced by the:

A) kidneys.
B) adrenal glands.
C) pineal gland.
D) heart.