Deck 18: Genomics and Proteomics

Question 1

Compared with prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are _.

A) large, linear, less densely packed with protein -coding genes, mainly organized in single -gene units with introns
B) large, mainly organized in single -gene transcription units without introns
C) small, mainly organized in -single gene transcription units with introns
D) large, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns
E) small, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Proteomics is the _.

A) changing of the terminal sequences of proteins to alter their function
B) harvesting of proteins from a cell to determine their economic value
C) manipulation of amino acid sequences in proteins to alter their function
D) rational design of drugs based on protein structure
E) process of defining the complete set of proteins encoded by a genome

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The Human Genome Project, which got underway in 1990, is an international effort to ________.

A) clone deleterious genes from humans and study their mode of action
B) clone beneficial genes from humans for eventual use in gene therapy
C) collect samples of cells from all parts of the world in order to preserve human genetic diversity
D) construct a physical map of the billions of base pairs in the human genome
E) determine how many different human populations share in a common gene pool

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Name the two strategic methods that scientists are using to sequence genomes.

Question 5

Compared with eukaryotic chromosomes, bacterial chromosomes are _.

A) large, triple -helix, Z -DNA, organized in single gene units with introns
B) small, mainly organized in single -gene transcription units with introns
C) large, mainly organized in single -gene transcription units without introns
D) small, with high gene density
E) large, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns

Question 6

One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes is that eukaryotic
genes can contain internal sequences, called message.

Question 7

Mycoplasma are among the smallest and perhaps the simplest self -replicating prokaryotes known. M. genitalium contains a genome of 0.58 Mb. Approximately how many genes does this bacterium contain?

A) between 400 and 550
B) 1200
C) 3000
D) 426,000
E) 12

Question 8

A number of generalizations can be made about the organization of protein -coding genes in bacterial chromosomes. First, the gene density is very high, averaging about
________.

Question 9

What is meant by the term low gene density? Give an example of an organism with low gene density.

Question 10

Numerous scientists around the world have proposed to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes in five years. What is the name of this plan?

A) Vertebrate Beginnings
B) Vertebrate Enlightenment
C) Bigger Than Life Plan
D) Genome 10K
E) 10K or Bust

Question 11

Archaea (formerly known as archaebacteria) is one of the three major divisions of
living organisms; the other two are eubacteria and eukaryotes. Nanoarchaeum equitans is in the Archaea domain and has one of the smallest genomes known, about 0.5 Mb.
How can an organism complete its life cycle with so little genetic material?

Question 12

Most of the eukaryotic genomes described in the text have more than

A) 50 chromosomes
B) 100,000 genes
C) ten million genes
D) a million base pairs
E) 50,000 genes

Question 13

Which two factors contribute significantly to the wide ranges of genome size among eukaryotes?

Question 14

A bacterial operon _.

A) contains information for more than one protein product
B) is capped at the 5' end and carries a poly -A tail at the 3' end
C) is void of start (AUG) and termination (UAA, UGA, UAG) triplets
D) contains information for one protein product
E) None of the answers listed is correct.

Question 15

What is ELSI?

Question 16

In general, the organization of genes in bacteria is different from that in eukaryotes. In E. coli, approximately 27 percent of all genes are organized into contiguous, functionally related units containing multiple genes under coordinate control that are transcribed as a single unit. Such contiguous gene families are called _.

A) proteomes
B) transcriptomes
C) pseudogenes
D) contigs
E) operons

Question 17

What is one major limitation of two -dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)?

A) When products are separated, they tend to leach out of the gel matrix.
B) Only the most abundant products are detected.
C) 2DGE can be run only on nucleic acids.
D) It is extremely costly to execute in a typical molecular biology laboratory.
E) 2DGE is useful only in separating eukaryotic gene products.

Question 18

The human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein -coding genes, yet it has the capacity to produce several hundred thousand gene products. What can account for the vast difference in gene number and product number?

A) Much of the DNA is in the form of trinucleotide repeats, thus allowing multiple start sites for different genes.
B) There are more introns than exons.
C) Alternative splicing occurs.
D) Every gene can be read in both directions, and each gene can have inversions and translocations.
E) There are more exons than introns.

Question 19

Intron frequency varies considerably among eukaryotes. Provide a general comparison of intron frequencies in yeast and humans. What about intron size?

Question 20

What appears to be the range of the number of protein -coding genes per genome in eukaryotes?

Question 21

It appears as if about 5000 functional genes is the minimum genome size necessary for life of a prokaryote.

Question 22

What is comparative genomics?

Question 23

Present a general definition for a multigene family and how it relates to a superfamily.

Question 24

Typically, bacterial DNA contains less repetitive DNA than eukaryotic DNA.

Question 25

The terms proteomics and genomics mean essentially the same thing.

Question 26

In humans, no genes are larger than 2 kb.

Question 27

Briefly describe general trends relating to DNA content and gene number in major groups of organisms.

Question 28

The term paralog is often used in conjunction with discussions of hemoglobin genes. What does this term mean, and how does it apply to hemoglobin genes?

Question 29

Present an overview of the gene organization in large -genome plants.

Question 30

In what way will the discipline called metagenomics contribute to human health and welfare?

Question 31

How are pseudogenes formed?

Question 32

Introns are found only in prokaryotic genomes.

Question 33

What is meant by the term pseudogene?

Question 34

The genomic organization of all living creatures is identical.

Question 35

The Human Genome Project is an international effort to construct a physical map sequence of the approximately 3 billion base pairs in the haploid human genome.

Question 36

Describe the relationship between introns (size and number) and organismic complexity in eukaryotes.

Question 37

Explain the goal of the emerging discipline called systems biology.

Question 38

The molecular bases for approximately 60 percent of dog inherited diseases are similar or identical to those found in humans.

Question 39

The dog (Canis familiaris) genome has recently been sequenced. About how many of the dog's genes are shared with humans?

Question 40

Describe the organization of the a -globin gene in humans.

Question 41

There is a general inverse relationship between DNA content and organismic complexity.

Question 42

Bacterial genes have introns, and eukaryotic genes lack introns.

Question 43

Multigene families are characterized by clusters of tandemly arranged unique pseudogenes organized as operons.

Question 44

Humans have more DNA and more genes than any other organism.