Deck 8: Vitamins

Question 1

Which of the following is most likely to result in vitamin toxicity if consumed daily over a long period of time?

A) Vitamin A supplements
B) B-vitamin complex
C) Fortified breakfast cereals
D) Spinach, kale, and other greens

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Taking large supplemental doses of vitamins A and E can

A) result in vitamin toxicity.
B) cure the common cold.
C) prevent cancer.
D) prevent heart disease.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first step in ensuring an adequate intake of vitamins is

A) following a dietary pattern that matches MyPlate's Daily Food Plan.
B) ingesting a wide variety of fortified foods.
C) using a multivitamin and mineral supplement.
D) taking individual nutrient supplements.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

A) kidneys.
B) intestine.
C) lungs.
D) liver.

Question 5

Which fat-soluble vitamins are most toxic if consumed in excess amounts over long periods of time?

A) Vitamins D and K
B) Vitamins A and E
C) Vitamins A and D
D) Vitamins E and K

Question 6

Which of the following describes fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They are readily stored in the body.
B) Excesses are excreted in the urine.
C) They are absorbed directly from the GI tract into the blood via the hepatic portal vein.
D) They form coenzymes that participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and protein.

Question 7

Which of the following is best for preserving the vitamin content of foods?

A) Exposure to light
B) Cooking in water
C) Flash freezing
D) Addition of baking soda

Question 8

Megadoses are defined as vitamin intakes ________ times the estimated human needs to prevent a deficiency.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 10
C) 50
D) 100

Question 9

Which statement about vitamins is true?

A) Cannot be stored by the body
B) Are inorganic
C) Help regulate chemical reactions in the body
D) Directly supply energy

Question 10

The vitamin that poses the greatest risk for toxicity is

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin E.
D) vitamin K.

Question 11

Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They enter the bloodstream directly from the small intestine.
B) Fat in the digestive contents is not important for their absorption.
C) Excessive intakes are readily excreted via the kidneys.
D) They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

Question 12

Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way?

A) Water-soluble vitamins are stored, whereas fat-soluble vitamins are excreted readily.
B) Water-soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic.
C) Fat-soluble vitamins have much less potential for being toxic.
D) Water-soluble vitamins are best absorbed in the presence of dietary fat.

Question 13

Which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin?

A) The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.
B) The body is unable to synthesize the compound.
C) The compound is best absorbed if taken in supplement form.
D) The compound prevents chronic disease.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a fat-soluble vitamin?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B-6
C) Vitamin B-12
D) Riboflavin

Question 15

If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be

A) a doughnut made with enriched white flour.
B) apple juice.
C) a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total^® Raisin Bran.
D) a banana.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins?

A) Supplemental vitamins are better than those from food.
B) Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm.
C) It is hard to get all the vitamins we need from food.
D) Vitamins consumed in excess are excreted.

Question 17

Which of the following vitamins is most readily excreted by the body?

A) Vitamin B-6
B) Vitamin B-12
C) Vitamin D
D) Thiamin

Question 18

A disease that involves fat malabsorption could lead to

A) osteomalacia.
B) scurvy.
C) pellagra.
D) beriberi.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about our current knowledge about vitamins?

A) We are sure there are more vitamins to be discovered for humans.
B) We cannot effectively feed individuals intravenously for long periods of time because we do not know about all the vitamins that must be included.
C) Most scientists believe we have discovered all vitamins relevant to humans.
D) We know that there are more fat-soluble vitamins to discover.

Question 20

Which of the following is a good way to preserve the vitamin content of vegetables?

A) Trimming and peeling vegetables soon after purchase.
B) Storing vegetables in a cool place, such as the crisper drawer of the refrigerator
C) Boiling vegetables until they are soft
D) Storing vegetables at room temperature on the kitchen counter

Question 21

Accutane (an acne medication) is a derivative of vitamin

A) A.
B) E.
C) C.
D) D.

Question 22

Examples of foods that are rich sources of phytochemicals include

A) gluten-free products, wild game, red wine, and green tea.
B) plant and animal proteins.
C) monounsaturated oils, whole grains, and poultry.
D) fruits, vegetables, whole grains, herbs, nuts, and seeds.

Question 23

Most vitamin A is stored in the

A) kidneys.
B) small intestine.
C) liver.
D) adipose tissue.

Question 24

Yellow-orange vegetables and fruits, such as squash and apricots, are important sources of

A) vitamin E.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin A.
D) vitamin D.

Question 25

Foods that are sources of chemicals that provide health benefits beyond being essential dietary nutrients are termed

A) functional foods.
B) antioxidants.
C) gluten-free foods.
D) superfoods.

Question 26

________ are mostly stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

A) Fat-soluble vitamins
B) Water-soluble vitamins

Question 27

Which of the following is a function of phytochemicals?

A) Increases inflammation and oxidative damage to cells
B) Regulates cell signaling and gene expression
C) Increases the formation of blood clots
D) Increases the initiation and proliferation of cancer

Question 28

Retinol activity equivalents (RAE) take into account the activity of provitamin A carotenoids and ________ found in foods.

A) preformed vitamin A
B) lutein and zeaxanthin
C) cysteine
D) None of these are correct.

Question 29

Which of the following is converted to vitamin A in the body?

A) Retinol
B) Beta-carotene
C) Cholesterol
D) Phenylalanine

Question 30

Vitamin A supplements are needed by

A) pregnant women.
B) people with severe fat malabsorption.
C) anyone trying to fend off a winter cold.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 31

Which of the following is a good source of provitamin A?

A) Orange
B) Apricot
C) Cauliflower
D) Potatoes

Question 32

Functional foods can be placed into two categories: ________ and ________.

A) zoochemicals; phytochemicals
B) antioxidants; anti-inflammatory
C) superfoods; phytochemicals
D) animal; plant

Question 33

Which of the following foods has the largest amount of preformed vitamin A?

A) Broccoli
B) Pork chop
C) Chicken breast
D) Liver

Question 34

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for the health of epithelial cells because it promotes mucus production?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin E
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D

Question 35

Immediately after absorption from the small intestine, fat-soluble vitamins appear in the lymph as part of

A) chylomicrons.
B) VLDLs.
C) HDLs.
D) phospholipids.

Question 36

The safest way to meet vitamin A needs is by

A) consuming a vitamin A supplement.
B) consuming a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
C) consuming organ meats on a daily basis.
D) consuming large amounts of fortified foods.

Question 37

George wants to increase his consumption of vitamin A for the possible cancer risk-reducing effects. Which of the following foods should he choose?

A) Spinach
B) Salmon
C) Pears
D) Potato

Question 38

Besides being supplied in the diet, some micronutrients are synthesized in the body. For example, ________ can be synthesized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract.

A) vitamin K
B) vitamin D
C) niacin
D) vitamin B-6

Question 39

Drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency is called

A) apnea.
B) dysphagia.
C) xerophthalmia.
D) cachexia.

Question 40

Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?

A) Retinoids are found in plant foods.
B) Carotenoids are found in animal foods.
C) Carotenoids can be converted to retinoids.
D) Retinoids can be converted to carotenoids.

Question 41

Deposition of calcium and phosphorus in the bones is regulated by

A) vitamin A.
B) riboflavin.
C) vitamin D.
D) niacin.

Question 42

In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by

A) lycopene.
B) chlorophyll.
C) lutein.
D) anthocyanin.

Question 43

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is

A) vitamin E.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin A.
D) niacin.

Question 44

Beta-carotene is a precursor to

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin E.
C) vitamin C.
D) vitamin D.

Question 45

Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because

A) it is absorbed and transported via the lymphatic system.
B) its absorption requires bile and fat.
C) it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun.
D) it can be stored.

Question 46

The ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D is decreased by

A) the use of sunscreen.
B) excessive dietary calcium intake.
C) excessive dietary phosphorus intake.
D) the use of a tanning bed.

Question 47

Lycopene is found in

A) grapes.
B) carrots.
C) tomatoes.
D) whole grain products.

Question 48

The leading cause of blindness among older Americans is macular degeneration. Eating a diet rich in can decrease the risk of this condition.

A) retinoids
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) carotenoids

Question 49

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely a result of

A) consuming beef liver.
B) consuming megadoses of vitamin D supplements.
C) excessive sun exposure.
D) consuming three servings of vitamin D-fortified dairy products per day.

Question 50

The bioavailability of carotenoids is affected by

A) cooking.
B) consumption with meat products.
C) soil mineral content.
D) exposure to acid.

Question 51

Which of the following is true about vitamin A toxicity?

A) Fetal malformations can occur.
B) One is unlikely to get toxic doses from eating food sources of vitamin A.
C) Most adverse effects disappear after ceasing to take excessive doses.
D) All of these are true.

Question 52

The childhood disease rickets is due to a deficiency of

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin D.
D) vitamin K.

Question 53

Carotenoid consumption may reduce the risk of

A) acne.
B) cataracts.
C) cirrhosis.
D) beriberi.

Question 54

Vitamin D regulates

A) energy metabolism.
B) fluid balance.
C) oxidation and reduction reactions.
D) blood calcium levels.

Question 55

The major effect of taking high doses of vitamin D is

A) excessive acne.
B) calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs.
C) limb paralysis.
D) a flaky skin rash.

Question 56

A typical serving of which food provides the most vitamin A?

A) Yellow squash
B) Egg
C) Liver
D) Apricot

Question 57

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D for a person following a vegan diet?

A) Fish oil
B) Vitamin D-fortified soy milk
C) Spinach
D) Whole grain products

Question 58

Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the

A) liver and kidneys.
B) bones.
C) pancreas.
D) skin.

Question 59

Consuming excessive carotenoids may cause

A) fetal malformations.
B) yellowing of the skin.
C) chlorosis.
D) scurvy.

Question 60

The most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is

A) poultry.
B) whole-grain cereals.
C) yellow squash.
D) fortified milk.

Question 61

Examine the Nutrition Facts panel for wild Alaskan salmon. How much vitamin D is in one serving (3 ounces) of cooked salmon?

A) 7 micrograms
B) 7 milligrams
C) 7 grams
D) 7 milliliters

Question 62

To promote bone health, all infants should receive supplemental ________ until dietary intake from formula and/or other foods meets their needs.

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) vitamin D
D) magnesium

Question 63

The main form of vitamin E in the body is

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) gamma-tocopherol.
C) beta-tocopherol.
D) delta-tocopherol.

Question 64

To protect bone health, vegans may require a supplemental source of vitamin

A) A.
B) C.
C) D.
D) K.

Question 65

A condition characterized by soft bones resulting from a vitamin D deficiency in adulthood is called

A) rickets.
B) osteoporosis.
C) osteomalacia.
D) osteopenia.

Question 66

In general, the richest sources of vitamin E are

A) refined grain products.
B) plant oils.
C) citrus fruits.
D) yellow and orange vegetables.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true?

A) As we age, we need more vitamin D and more kilocalories.
B) As we age, we need more vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.
C) As we age, we need less vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.
D) As we age, we need less vitamin D and more kilocalories.

Question 68

When a cell membrane is damaged by free radicals, which specific component of the cell membrane is damaged?

A) Cholesterol
B) Phospholipid
C) Polysaccharide
D) Saturated fat

Question 69

Antioxidants

A) promote the formation of free radicals.
B) donate electrons to free radicals.
C) speed the rate of chemical reactions.
D) damage cell membranes.

Question 70

Vitamin ________ can be produced in the skin in response to ultraviolet light.

A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E

Question 71

Vitamin E functions as

A) a coenzyme.
B) an antioxidant.
C) a hormone.
D) an enzyme.

Question 72

The childhood deficiency disease for vitamin D is called

A) osteopenia.
B) osteomalacia.
C) rickets.
D) osteoporosis.

Question 73

Which of the following vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes?

A) Vitamin K
B) Vitamin D
C) Niacin
D) Vitamin E

Question 74

Fat malabsorption may contribute to poor bone health because of impaired absorption of

A) vitamin D.
B) vitamin A.
C) phosphorus.
D) magnesium.

Question 75

Examine the Nutrition Facts panel for wild Alaskan salmon.
True or false: Wild Alaskan salmon is a rich (high) source of vitamin D.

Question 76

Which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation?

A) Strict vegan diet
B) Allergy to milk protein
C) Kidney disease
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 77

Excessive intake of ________ can lead to calcification of soft tissue, such as the kidney.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin K

Question 78

Free radical damage has been implicated in increasing the risk of

A) sinus infections.
B) HIV.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) sickle cell disease.

Question 79

In North America, the major dietary source of vitamin ________ is fortified dairy products.

A) B-6
B) C
C) D
D) K

Question 80

________ is a building block of vitamin D and other hormones.

A) Cholesterol
B) Hydroxyapatite
C) Calcitriol
D) Estrogen