Deck 4: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Dietary fibers primarily are

A) polysaccharides.
B) polypeptides.
C) disaccharides.
D) monosaccharides.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The major storage sites for glycogen are the

A) muscles and liver.
B) kidney and muscles.
C) liver and kidney.
D) liver and pancreas.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The two forms of starch found in food are

A) amylose and amylopectin.
B) maltose and mannose.
C) glycogen and glucagon.
D) soluble and insoluble.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called

A) biosynthesis.
B) anabolism.
C) photosynthesis.
D) glycogenesis.

Question 5

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

A) Galactose
B) Fructose
C) Lactose
D) Glucose

Question 6

Which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true?

A) Glucose and glucose form sucrose.
B) Glucose and fructose form lactose.
C) Glucose and galactose form lactose.
D) Glucose and galactose form maltose.

Question 7

Which of the following is incorrect about dietary fibers?

A) They are mostly polysaccharides.
B) The bonds between the sugar units cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes.
C) They cannot be absorbed by the small intestine.
D) They are absorbed in the large intestine.

Question 8

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of

A) two monosaccharides.
B) two polysaccharides.
C) one monosaccharide and one polysaccharide.
D) two oligosaccharides.

Question 9

Which of the following is categorized as soluble fiber?

A) Pectin
B) Cellulose
C) Hemicellulose
D) Lignin

Question 10

Glucose is also known as

A) levulose.
B) ribose.
C) maltose.
D) dextrose.

Question 11

The term simple carbohydrates refers to

A) starch.
B) monosaccharides and disaccharides.
C) fiber.
D) polysaccharides.

Question 12

________ is the major monosaccharide found in the body.

A) Fructose
B) Glucose
C) Lactose
D) Sucrose

Question 13

The scientific name for milk sugar is

A) maltose.
B) glucose.
C) mannose.
D) lactose.

Question 14

Amylose is

A) a long, straight glucose chain.
B) branched glucose chains.
C) a long, straight fatty acid chain.
D) branched amino acid chains.

Question 15

Glycogen is

A) a highly branched polysaccharide.
B) stored in the absence of dietary carbohydrate.
C) a straight chain of glucoses linked together.
D) a hormone for blood glucose regulation.

Question 16

The monosaccharides important in nutrition are fructose, glucose, and

A) lactose.
B) sucrose.
C) galactose.
D) maltose.

Question 17

The disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and

A) lactose.
B) fructose.
C) dextrose.
D) galactose.

Question 18

The monosaccharides important in nutrition are

A) glucose, fructose, and lactose.
B) fructose, glucose, and galactose.
C) fructose, glucose, and maltose.
D) sucrose, fructose, and glucose.

Question 19

The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from

A) fat.
B) protein.
C) carbohydrate.
D) iron.

Question 20

Soluble (viscous) fibers

A) increase stool size significantly.
B) are not readily fermented by intestinal bacteria.
C) cannot dissolve in water.
D) help to lower blood cholesterol.

Question 21

Which section of MyPlate is the least significant source of carbohydrate?

A) Grains
B) Vegetables
C) Fruits
D) Protein
E) Dairy

Question 22

The natural alternative sweetener derived from a South American plant is called

A) aspartame (Equal®).
B) saccharin (Sweet-n-Low®).
C) sucralose (Spenda®).
D) stevia (Sweet Leaf®, Truvia®).

Question 23

Food manufacturers prefer to use ________ as a sweetener because it is easy to transport, has good shelf-stability, is low cost, and improves food properties.

A) table sugar
B) high-fructose corn syrup
C) sucralose (Splenda)
D) honey

Question 24

Fiber added to foods that has been shown to provide health benefits is called

A) phytofiber.
B) functional fiber.
C) dietary fiber.
D) amylopectin.

Question 25

Which of the following has the most starch?

A) 1 medium orange
B) 1 cup of kidney beans
C) 8 fluid ounces of milk
D) 4 ounces of meat

Question 26

Research suggests that dietary fiber is an important substrate for the gut microbiota; therefore, dietary fiber alterations may have an immediate and direct impact on gut microbes.

Question 27

________ is a condition in which one lacks the enzyme lactase. Symptoms include gas and bloating after consuming dairy products.

A) Milk allergy
B) Celiac disease
C) Lactose intolerance
D) Galactosemia

Question 28

After absorption, galactose is converted to ________ in the liver.

A) glucose
B) fructose
C) glycogen
D) lactose

Question 29

Sucralose (Splenda®) is made by adding

A) lactose to sucrose.
B) chlorines to sucrose.
C) sucrose to galactose.
D) sucrose to glucose.

Question 30

The Dietary Guidelines recommend consuming ________ servings of whole grains per day.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 4 to 6
D) 6 to 11

Question 31

Selectively fermented ingredients that result in specific changes in the composition or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota and confer benefits upon the host are called

A) probiotics.
B) FODMAPs.
C) prebiotics.
D) gluten.

Question 32

Major fructose sources include

A) milk and cheese.
B) fruits and sweetened beverages.
C) fruits and vegetables.
D) nuts and seeds.

Question 33

Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid

A) stevia.
B) aspartame.
C) high fructose corn syrup.
D) saccharin.

Question 34

Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose?

A) Alcohol
B) Fruits
C) Grains
D) Sugar cane

Question 35

Which of the following foods is the best source of insoluble (nonfermentable) fiber?

A) Kidney beans
B) English muffins made with enriched flour
C) Broccoli
D) Corn flakes

Question 36

The food components that yield the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates are

A) corn flakes, rice, bread, and noodles.
B) peas, broccoli, oatmeal, dry beans and other legumes.
C) cream pies, French fries, and fat-free milk.
D) table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, and fruit.

Question 37

Which of the following breakfast options is the highest in carbohydrate?

A) Grapefruit half, 2 fried eggs, 3 bacon slices, 1 slice of toast with butter, coffee
B) English muffin with jelly, 8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, 1 cup whole milk
C) Coffee, 8 ounces orange juice, 1/2 cup fresh blueberries, 8 ounces nonfat yogurt
D) 1 cup whole milk, 2 ounces sausage, 2 fried eggs, 1 slice of toast with butter

Question 38

Which of the following is a major source of lactose?

A) Milk
B) Broccoli
C) Apples
D) Honey

Question 39

Polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes, and therefore cannot be absorbed, are called

A) amylose.
B) fiber.
C) glycogen.
D) starch.

Question 40

Which of the following foods is the best source of soluble fiber?

A) Broccoli
B) Kidney beans
C) Whole wheat bread
D) Sunflower seeds

Question 41

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

A) stomach with gastric lipase.
B) stomach with peptic amylase.
C) mouth with salivary amylase.
D) small intestine with pancreatic amylase.

Question 42

Which of the following is true about carbohydrate digestion?

A) Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins.
B) Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach.
C) In the small intestine, amylase breaks down fiber to glucose.
D) Bile is necessary for carbohydrate digestion.

Question 43

Which of the following will most likely cause symptoms in a person with lactose intolerance?

A) Small servings of milk products
B) Hard cheeses
C) Yogurt containing active cultures
D) Milk shakes made with skim milk

Question 44

FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols) may increase gastrointestinal distress for individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Under the supervision of a primary care physician or registered dietitian, a low-FODMAP diet may be recommended to alleviate symptoms associated with poor glycemic control.

Question 45

When too little dietary carbohydrate is available to meet energy needs, ________ arise as byproducts of partial fat metabolism.

A) fatty acids
B) ketones
C) monosaccharides
D) polysaccharides

Question 46

What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine?

A) They pass into the colon and are absorbed.
B) They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria.
C) They are absorbed and converted to glycogen.
D) They are absorbed and converted to fat.

Question 47

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) pancreas.

Question 48

The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are

A) gas, abdominal pain, and bloating.
B) a rash, sneezing, and stuffy nose.
C) a headache and chest pain.
D) nausea and vomiting.

Question 49

______ are pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine.

A) Ulcers
B) Diverticula
C) Colonostomies
D) Hernias

Question 50

For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source?

A) Muscles
B) Brain
C) Liver
D) Heart

Question 51

What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

A) Salivary amylase
B) Bicarbonate
C) Pancreatic proteases
D) Pancreatic amylase

Question 52

Which of the following describes the process of starch digestion?

A) Starch to lactose to galactose
B) Starch to maltose to glucose
C) Starch to glycogen to glucose
D) Starch to sucrose to fructose

Question 53

Starch consists of hundreds and perhaps thousands of which molecule?

A) Fructose
B) Glycerol
C) Glucose
D) Galactose

Question 54

Dietary fiber may play a key role in the prevention of which type of cancer?

A) Colon
B) Liver
C) Pancreatic
D) Stomach

Question 55

Glucose is absorbed via ________ absorption.

A) passive
B) facilitated
C) active
D) participatory

Question 56

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use?

A) Insulin
B) Epinephrine
C) Glycogen
D) Progesterone

Question 57

Which of the following is incorrect concerning carbohydrate absorption?

A) Monosaccharides can enter the villi.
B) End products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver.
C) Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.
D) Disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes that are attached to intestinal cells.

Question 58

Immediately after sugars are absorbed into the blood, they travel to the

A) kidney.
B) heart.
C) liver.
D) pancreas.

Question 59

Lactose intolerance is caused by

A) a milk allergy.
B) lactase deficiency.
C) milk bacteria.
D) intestinal bacteria.

Question 60

Amylase is

A) an indigestible fiber.
B) a branched chain of glucose units.
C) an enzyme that digests starch.
D) a straight chain of glucose units.

Question 61

When eating a high-fiber diet, one should ________ fluid intake.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) not change

Question 62

Adequate intakes of ________ may play a role in the prevention of colon cancer.

A) dietary fiber
B) saccharin
C) high fructose corn syrup
D) starch

Question 63

Which hormone corrects a hyperglycemic state?

A) Insulin
B) Epinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) Glucagon

Question 64

Examples of refined grain products include

A) white potatoes and popcorn.
B) white flour, de-germed cornmeal, white bread, and white rice.
C) bread flour, grits, white rice, and buckwheat.

Question 65

The main function of glucose is to supply ________ for the body.

A) energy
B) vitamins
C) structure
D) hormones

Question 66

When insulin is released, it causes

A) the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood.
B) muscle and fat cells to take up glucose from the blood.
C) fat breakdown and release from fat tissue.
D) the liver to make glycogen from protein.

Question 67

What is the minimum number of grams of carbohydrate, per day, humans must consume to avoid ketosis?

A) 75
B) 100
C) 130
D) 250

Question 68

Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because

A) oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.
B) sugar leaches calcium and phosphorus out of teeth.
C) salivary amylase dissolves tooth enamel during carbohydrate digestion.
D) sugars make the saliva more alkaline, causing damage to tooth enamel.

Question 69

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that Americans consume ________ of their total calories from carbohydrates.

A) 10% to 25%
B) 25% to 45%
C) 45% to 65%
D) 65% to 75%

Question 70

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?

A) Eating enriched grains such as Rice Krispies® and saltines
B) Buying bran and fiber supplements to add to his current diet
C) Reading the labels of grain products and buying those labeled wheat flour
D) Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

Question 71

When blood glucose levels drop below normal, hormones signal the breakdown of ________, which releases glucose into the blood.

A) stored fat
B) liver glycogen
C) amino acids from muscle
D) ketones

Question 72

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting added sugar intake to less than ________ of total calories.

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 73

The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber for an adult woman who consumes about 1800 kcal per day is

A) 10 grams per day.
B) 18 grams per day.
C) 25 grams per day.
D) 38 grams per day.

Question 74

Which of the following is a true statement about the effects of sugar?

A) Prolonged exposure of the teeth to simple sugars from snacks and drinks promotes dental caries.
B) A high-sugar diet causes hyperactivity among children.
C) A high sugar intake is not problematic as long as the overall diet is low in fat.
D) Natural sources of sugar, like honey, are lower in calories than their processed counterparts, such as high fructose corn syrup.

Question 75

The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber for an adult man who consumes about 2700 kcal per day is

A) 10 grams per day.
B) 18 grams per day.
C) 25 grams per day.
D) 38 grams per day.

Question 76

The glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises

A) blood glucose.
B) liver glycogen.
C) insulin released from the pancreas.
D) glycogen stored in muscle.

Question 77

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting intake of

A) added sugars.
B) gluten.
C) dietary fiber.
D) carbohydrates.

Question 78

The main function of glucose is to

A) serve as raw material to build tissue.
B) work with enzymes to carry out chemical reactions.
C) repair tissue.
D) supply energy.

Question 79

Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state?

A) Insulin
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Glucagon

Question 80

The hormone ________ is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated above a normal range.

A) glucagon
B) insulin
C) thyroxine
D) glycogen