Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ?

A)thyroid gland
B)testes
C)heart
D)pineal gland

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Hormones that act on the same target cells yet have opposite effects are said to be:

A)neurohormones.
B)synergists.
C)hydrophilic hormones.
D)antagonists.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What type of hormone is made from cholesterol?

A)steroid hormone
B)amine hormone
C)peptide hormone
D)protein hormone

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as:

A)tropic hormones.
B)steroid hormones.
C)growth hormones.
D)trophic hormones.

Question 5

What type of hormone can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

A)amine hormones
B)hydrophilic hormones
C)protein hormones
D)hydrophobic hormones

Question 6

Target cells make more receptors for a particular hormone when the level of that hormone declines in the blood stream.This process is known as:

A)upregulation.
B)downregulation.
C)synergism.
D)the second-messenger system.

Question 7

Endocrine cells that increase hormone secretion in response to other hormones are controlled by:

A)humoral stimuli.
B)hormonal stimuli.
C)positive stimuli.
D)neural stimuli.

Question 8

How are the nervous system and endocrine system similar?

A)Both the nervous system and the endocrine system operate over a series of neurons to directly affect target cells.
B)The nervous system works antagonistically to the endocrine system to achieve homeostasis.
C)Cells of both the nervous system and the endocrine system release chemicals to communicate with cells.
D)Effects of both the nervous system and the endocrine system are immediate and short-lasting.

Question 9

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

A)adrenal gland
B)pineal gland
C)pituitary gland
D)thyroid gland

Question 10

Upon binding to a receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex,steroid hormones may cause:

A)the activation of adenylate cyclase.
B)an increase in protein synthesis.
C)the activation of protein kinases.
D)the formation of cAMP.

Question 11

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A)infundibulum
B)isthmus
C)vermis
D)medulla oblongata

Question 12

When blood glucose levels increase,a hormone called insulin is released from endocrine cells in the pancreas.The role of insulin is to return blood glucose levels to normal.Which part of this negative feedback loop is the stimulus?

A)pancreas
B)increasing blood glucose levels
C)blood glucose levels return to normal
D)insulin

Question 13

Increasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin.This type of stimulation is known as:

A)humoral stimulation.
B)positive stimulation.
C)hormonal stimulation.
D)neural stimulation.

Question 14

All target cells:

A)are found in the blood.
B)secrete hormones.
C)have receptors to which hormones bind.
D)produce their own hormones.

Question 15

What type of hormone usually travels in the blood plasma bound to a protein?

A)neurotransmitters
B)hydrophobic hormones
C)free hormones
D)hydrophilic hormones

Question 16

What do paracrine cells target?

A)distant tissues
B)nearby but different types of cells
C)the same cell or cell type
D)cells using neurotransmitters

Question 17

What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis,or anterior pituitary gland?

A)dense elastic connective tissue
B)loose adipose connective tissue
C)glandular epithelium
D)nervous tissue

Question 18

What often serves as the second messenger when a hydrophilic amino-acid based hormone binds its receptor?

A)G-protein
B)cAMP
C)adenylate cyclase
D)protein kinase

Question 19

What is a major function of the endocrine system?

A)The endocrine system produces immediate,short-lasting effects.
B)The endocrine system communicates directly with target cells through the use of neurotransmitters.
C)The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.
D)The endocrine system secretes products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 20

Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands to regulate some functions of other cells are known as:

A)hormones.
B)antibodies.
C)electrolytes.
D)neurotransmitters.

Question 21

What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

A)parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B)calcitonin
C)triiodothyronine (T₃)
D)thyroxine (T₄)

Question 22

What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A)tropic hormones
B)trophic hormones
C)stimulating hormones
D)releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 23

Which hormone controls the milk-let-down reflex?

A)oxytocin
B)gonadotropins
C)prolactin
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH,or vasopressin)

Question 24

Which of the following is a gonadotropin?

A)thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
B)follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C)corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
D)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 25

When growth hormone levels are low,which hormone stimulates its release?

A)prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
B)somatotropin
C)growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D)somatostatin

Question 26

What does thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)target?

A)hypothalamus
B)posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
C)anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
D)thyroid gland

Question 27

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T₃)and thyroxine (T₄)?

A)calcium
B)potassium
C)iodine
D)magnesium

Question 28

A short-term effect of growth hormone is:

A)protein synthesis.
B)the stimulation of glucose uptake by cells.
C)the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF).
D)fat breakdown.

Question 29

Which of the following organs contains target cells for oxytocin?

A)lungs
B)bones
C)mammary glands
D)kidneys

Question 30

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plate closes causes a disorder known as:

A)acromegaly.
B)gigantism.
C)pituitary dwarfism.
D)congenital hypothyroidism.

Question 31

Which of the following glands is located in the anterior neck,just superficial to the larynx?

A)thyroid gland
B)pancreas
C)thymus
D)pituitary gland

Question 32

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH,or vasopressin)?

A)increasing solute concentration of the blood
B)increasing solute concentration of the urine
C)increasing blood pressure
D)increasing blood glucose levels in the blood

Question 33

Thermoregulation is the responsibility of:

A)calcitonin.
B)thyroid hormones.
C)parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D)thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 34

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?

A)anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
B)hypothalamus
C)thyroid gland
D)posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 35

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH,or vasopressin)made?

A)anterior pituitary
B)thyroid gland
C)hypothalamus
D)posterior pituitary

Question 36

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH,or thyrotropin)target?

A)anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
B)hypothalamus
C)thyroid gland
D)posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 37

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH,or vasopressin)?

A)increases urine production by the kidneys
B)water retention by the kidneys
C)sodium retention by the kidneys
D)blood glucose regulation

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a main effect of the thyroid hormones?

A)promotion of growth and development
B)regulation of the metabolic rate and thermoregulation
C)regulation of blood calcium levels
D)synergism with the sympathetic nervous system

Question 39

Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland?

A)corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
B)thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
C)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D)prolactin-inhibiting factor

Question 40

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A)No hormones are made by the posterior pituitary.
B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and oxytocin
C)stimulating hormones
D)releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 41

Some potassium-sparing diuretics increase urination without the loss of potassium by working against receptors for:

A)glucocorticoids.
B)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
C)aldosterone.
D)cortisol.

Question 42

What is NOT a primary target tissue of cortisol?

A)nervous tissue
B)muscle tissue
C)adipose tissue
D)liver tissue

Question 43

Edna complains of weight gain,cold intolerance,and low blood pressure.What disorder do her symptoms match?

A)exophthalmos
B)hypothyroidism
C)Graves' disease
D)hyperthyroidism

Question 44

Avery has high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration).The hypersecretion of which hormone could lead to his condition?

A)glucagon
B)calcitonin
C)aldosterone
D)insulin

Question 45

Excess cortisol could result in:

A)high blood glucose levels.
B)an alkaline blood pH.
C)increased parasympathetic nervous system activation.
D)low blood pressure.

Question 46

What is NOT a primary effect of aldosterone?

A)maintaining blood pressure
B)maintaining blood glucose
C)maintaining acid-base balance
D)regulating extracellular fluid volume

Question 47

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A)cold temperatures
B)hypercalcemia
C)hypocalcemia
D)low basal metabolic rate

Question 48

Under normal conditions,what is the response to an increase in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A)decrease in thyroxine (T₄)production
B)increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)production
C)increase in growth hormone production
D)decrease in triiodothyronine (T₃)production

Question 49

If the thyroid gland is unable to produce iodinated thyroglobulin,what is the effect on hormone production?

A)Less triiodothyronine (T₃)and thyroxine (T₄)hormones are made.
B)Less thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)is made.
C)Triiodothyronine (T₃)and thyroxine (T₄)production continues uninterrupted.
D)Excess triiodothyronine (T₃)and thyroxine (T₄)hormones are made.

Question 50

Harrie has fragile bones that easily fracture.Which hormone should be checked for normal levels?

A)parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C)triiodothyronine (T₃)
D)thyroxine (T₄)

Question 51

What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A)neurohormones
B)androgenic steroids
C)glucocorticoids
D)mineralocorticoids

Question 52

What is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A)increased osteoblast activity
B)increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine
C)increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys
D)increased release of calcium ions from bone

Question 53

Classify aldosterone to the appropriate group of hormones.

A)androgenic steroid
B)mineralocorticoid
C)glucocorticoid
D)catecholamine

Question 54

Which of the following accompanies Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

A)weight gain
B)exophthalmos
C)fast heart rate
D)heat intolerance

Question 55

What is NOT a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

A)increased blood pressure
B)weight loss
C)slow heart rate
D)heat intolerance

Question 56

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?

A)thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
B)corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
C)growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D)somatostatin

Question 57

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control,from first tier to third tier.

A)thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),production of T₃ and T₄
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),production of T₃ and T₄,thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
C)thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),production of T₃ and T₄
D)thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),production of T₃ and T₄,thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 58

From superficial to deep,the three layers of the adrenal cortex are:

A)zona glomerulosa,zona fasciculata,zona medullaris.
B)zona fasciculata,zona intermedius,zona glomerulosa.
C)zona glomerulosa,zona reticularis,zona fasciculata.
D)zona glomerulosa,zona fasciculata,zona reticularis.

Question 59

Aldosterone regulates:

A)extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels.
B)blood iodide ion levels.
C)blood calcium ion levels.
D)blood glucose levels.

Question 60

What neurohormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

A)corticosteroids
B)catecholamines
C)glucocorticoids
D)androgenic steroids

Question 61

What might accompany an overdose of insulin?

A)hyperglycemia
B)ketoacidosis
C)polyuria
D)hypoglycemia

Question 62

Glucosuria and ketonuria are characteristic of:

A)Type I diabetes mellitus.
B)diabetes insipidus.
C)Type II diabetes mellitus.
D)Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Question 63

Type I diabetes mellitus is caused by a lack of:

A)antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
B)insulin.
C)aldosterone.
D)glucagon.

Question 64

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of:

A)chief cells.
B)alpha cells.
C)T lymphocytes.
D)B lymphocytes.

Question 65

Hyposecretion of both aldosterone and cortisol results in:

A)Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
B)Addison's disease.
C)Graves' disease.
D)Cushing's disease.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT an effect of epinephrine?

A)dilated bronchioles
B)increased digestive functions
C)increased heart rate
D)constricted blood vessels

Question 67

Cushing's disease results from:

A)hyposecretion of epinephrine.
B)hypersecretion of cortisol.
C)hypersecretion of aldosterone.
D)hyposecretion of insulin.

Question 68

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A)cortisol
B)glucagon
C)growth hormone
D)insulin

Question 69

What is the main function of glucagon?

A)lower blood glucose levels
B)raise blood glucose levels
C)regulate sodium and potassium ion levels
D)regulate blood pressure

Question 70

The effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine have nearly the same effects as the neurotransmitters of the:

A)sympathetic nervous system.
B)somatic nervous system.
C)afferent nervous system.
D)parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 71

Which hormones of the HPA axis stimulate the synthesis of epinephrine by chromaffin cells?

A)growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
B)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C)thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
D)gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 72

Melatonin is produced by the:

A)adrenal glands.
B)pineal gland.
C)heart.
D)kidneys.

Question 73

Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

A)epinephrine
B)aldosterone
C)insulin
D)cortisol

Question 74

What is NOT a responsibility of insulin?

A)glycogen synthesis by the liver
B)synthesis of fats from carbohydrates and lipids
C)promotion of satiety
D)gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 75

High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of:

A)thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
B)corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
C)growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
D)gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Question 76

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and glucagon?

A)acinar cells
B)chromaffin cells
C)pancreatic islets
D)chief cells

Question 77

What stimulates melatonin production?

A)light and dark cycles
B)immune system
C)increasing blood glucose levels
D)increasing blood pressure

Question 78

Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis as a way to increase blood glucose levels?

A)insulin
B)cortisol
C)melatonin
D)aldosterone

Question 79

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

A)growth hormone
B)cortisol
C)thyroid hormone
D)insulin

Question 80

Glucagon operates under:

A)hormonal stimulation.
B)neural stimulation.
C)neurohormonal stimulation.
D)humoral stimulation.