Deck 6: Bones and Bone Tissue

Question 1

Cells that develop into osteoblasts are called:

A)osteogenic cells.
B)osteoclasts.
C)osteons.
D)osteocytes.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Charlie has a break in the shaft of his thigh bone.He broke the:

A)articular cartilage.
B)epiphyseal plate.
C)diaphysis.
D)epiphysis.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for:

A)calcium.
B)iron.
C)sodium.
D)chlorine.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones,a process known as:

A)ossification.
B)hematopoiesis.
C)bone resorption.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 5

The function of yellow bone marrow is:

A)acid-base homeostasis.
B)triglyceride storage.
C)mineral storage.
D)hematopoiesis.

Question 6

Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone?

A)Collagen fibers help trap water in the ECM.
B)Collagen fibers help the bone resist compression.
C)Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting,pulling,or stretching forces.
D)Collagen fibers act as "glue" to bind components together.

Question 7

The periosteum is secured to underlying bone by collagen fibers called:

A)Volkmann's canals.
B)trabeculae.
C)perforating fibers.
D)canaliculi.

Question 8

How would the removal of hydroxyapatite crystals from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

A)The bone would be less compressible.
B)The bone would be stronger.
C)The bone would be less flexible.
D)The bone would be more flexible.

Question 9

The hard,dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones is:

A)articular cartilage.
B)spongy bone.
C)cancellous bone.
D)compact bone.

Question 10

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?

A)osteon
B)epiphyseal line
C)epiphyseal plate
D)lacunae

Question 11

Whose bone marrow is mostly red?

A)middle-aged adults
B)infants
C)elderly
D)young adults

Question 12

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons.Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

A)osteoblast
B)osteoclast
C)osteocyte
D)osteogenic cell

Question 13

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as:

A)irregular bones.
B)short bones.
C)long bones.
D)flat bones.

Question 14

What accounts for the majority of bone (osseous)tissue matrix?

A)calcium salts
B)bone marrow
C)osteoid
D)collagen fibers

Question 15

The patella is classified as a sesamoid bone since it:

A)is located within tendons.
B)has a diaphysis and epiphyses.
C)has an irregular shape.
D)is longer than it is wide.

Question 16

Thin,broad bones should be classified as:

A)irregular bones.
B)long bones.
C)short bones.
D)flat bones.

Question 17

Why is articular cartilage an important part of long bone structure?

A)Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints.
B)Articular cartilage houses red bone marrow for hematopoiesis.
C)Articular cartilage lines all inner surfaces of the bone.
D)Articular cartilage is the site of lengthwise growth in young children and adolescents.

Question 18

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?

A)osteoclasts
B)lacuna
C)osteocytes
D)osteoblasts

Question 19

The bones of the arms and legs are classified as:

A)irregular bones.
B)short bones.
C)flat bones.
D)long bones.

Question 20

The term diploë refers to the:

A)double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone.
B)internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones.
C)fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue.
D)two types of marrow found within most bones.

Question 21

What cells contribute to the process of calcification during intramembranous ossification?

A)osteocytes
B)osteoclasts
C)osteoblasts
D)keratinocytes

Question 22

Branching "ribs" of bone present in spongy bone are known as:

A)canaliculi.
B)lamellae.
C)trabeculae.
D)lacunae.

Question 23

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the:

A)periosteum.
B)epiphyses.
C)articular cartilage.
D)diaphysis.

Question 24

What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences?

A)endochondral ossification
B)longitudinal growth
C)lengthwise growth
D)appositional growth

Question 25

Which of the following are NOT components of an osteon?

A)trabeculae
B)lamellae
C)canaliculi
D)lacunae

Question 26

Which statement best describes primary bone?

A)Primary bone has regularly arranged parallel bundles of collagen fibers for strength.
B)Primary bone is stronger than secondary bone since it contains many lamellae.
C)Primary bone contains a higher percentage of inorganic matrix than secondary bone.
D)Primary bone contains abundant osteocytes and little inorganic matrix.

Question 27

Secondary ossification centers are characteristic of:

A)intramembranous ossification.
B)appositional growth.
C)endochondral ossification.
D)mesenchymal ossification.

Question 28

What type of bone is illustrated?

A)articular cartilage
B)hyaline cartilage
C)compact bone
D)spongy bone

Question 29

Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are:

A)osteocytes.
B)osteoclasts.
C)osteoblasts.
D)osteogenic cells.

Question 30

The structural units of mature compact bone are called:

A)lacunae.
B)osteons.
C)canaliculi.
D)osteocytes.

Question 31

Osteoblasts are to bone deposition as:

A)osteocytes are to bone formation.
B)osteoclasts are to hematopoiesis.
C)osteocytes are to fat storage.
D)osteoclasts are to bone resorption.

Question 32

Correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1.Chondrocytes die.
2)Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone.
3)Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels.
4)In the primary ossification center,osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone.
5)Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts.

A)3,5,2,1,4
B)3,1,4,5,2
C)4,3,2,1,5
D)3,1,2,3,5

Question 33

In the epiphyseal plate of a long bone,cartilage grows:

A)by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis.
B)from the edges inward.
C)by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis.
D)in a circular fashion.

Question 34

The small,fluid-filled cavity occupied by an osteocyte is called a(n):

A)central canal.
B)osteon.
C)lacuna.
D)trabecula.

Question 35

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?

A)compact bone
B)fibrocartilage
C)hyaline cartilage
D)spongy bone

Question 36

Intramembranous ossification occurs in:

A)long bones.
B)skull bones.
C)arm and leg bones.
D)secondary bone.

Question 37

What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses arriving from many directions?

A)compact bone
B)osteon bone
C)spongy bone
D)lamellar bone

Question 38

What canals connect lacunae together?

A)perforating (Volkmann's)canals
B)central canals
C)canaliculi
D)central (Haversian)canals

Question 39

Within the epiphyseal plate,which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae?

A)zone of reserve cartilage
B)zone of proliferation
C)zone of ossification
D)zone of hypertrophy

Question 40

Which of the following structures in a bone persists for life?

A)articular cartilage
B)primary ossification center
C)epiphyseal plate
D)primary bone

Question 41

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A)high levels of vitamin D
B)high levels of vitamin C
C)low blood calcium ion levels
D)high blood calcium ion levels

Question 42

For a person who starts running for exercise,

A)bone deposition is not related to bone resorption.
B)bone deposition equals bone resorption.
C)bone deposition is less than bone resorption.
D)bone deposition exceeds bone resorption.

Question 43

Which of the following promotes bone resorption?

A)tension
B)pressure
C)compression
D)calcium-rich diet

Question 44

Which of the following does NOT correctly depict the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A)PTH stimulates osteoclast activity.
B)PTH stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium ions.
C)PTH decreases blood calcium ion concentration.
D)PTH weakens the bones.

Question 45

What is the first step of bone repair?

A)primary bone is replaced with secondary bone
B)bone callus formation
C)soft callus formation
D)hematoma formation

Question 46

Which hormone,produced by the thyroid gland,works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A)estrogen
B)calcitonin
C)testosterone
D)thyroid hormones

Question 47

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are:

A)lacunae.
B)concentric lamellae.
C)circumferential lamellae.
D)trabeculae.

Question 48

What term implies bone deposition via osteoblasts?

A)keratinization
B)degradation
C)calcification
D)resorption

Question 49

As a result of the increase of testosterone at puberty for males:

A)epiphyseal plates widen rapidly.
B)osteoblasts increase the rate of bone resorption.
C)appositional bone growth increases.
D)intramembranous ossification increases.

Question 50

What is NOT an effect of growth hormone?

A)Growth hormone increases the rate of mitosis in the epiphyseal plate of growing bones.
B)Growth hormone directly stimulates osteoblasts in the periosteum to promote appositional growth.
C)Growth hormone increases the activity of osteogenic cells.
D)Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plate.

Question 51

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?

A)testosterone
B)calcitonin
C)parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D)estrogen

Question 52

Bone resorption requires the activity of:

A)osteocytes.
B)osteoclasts.
C)osteoblasts.
D)chondrocytes.

Question 53

Calcitonin functions to:

A)increase bone deposition.
B)stimulate bone resorption.
C)increase blood calcium ion levels.
D)stimulate osteoclast activity.

Question 54

What is the last process to occur in the epiphyseal plate of a long bone?

A)ossification
B)proliferation
C)calcification
D)maturation

Question 55

Appositional growth produces:

A)endochondral ossification.
B)bone growth in length.
C)intramembranous ossification.
D)bone growth in width.

Question 56

What vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin K
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin C

Question 57

A radiograph reveals epiphyseal lines in the long bones of a 12-year-old's hand.Which of the following statements is correct?

A)The epiphyseal plates have ossified,and further growth in length is not possible.
B)More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of epiphyseal plates.
C)Administration of growth hormone will stimulate further bone growth in length.
D)Intramembranous ossification will enable continued growth in length.

Question 58

What prompts the closure of the epiphyseal plate around age 18- 21?

A)ossification of the zone of proliferation
B)mitosis in the zone of calcification
C)chondrocytes actively divide
D)chondrocytes increase in size and mature

Question 59

Which dietary requirement for bone health can be made in response to skin exposure to UV light?

A)vitamin C
B)vitamin K
C)calcium ions
D)vitamin D

Question 60

Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of:

A)vitamin A,vitamin C,and chlorine.
B)sodium,calcium,and vitamin E.
C)calcium,magnesium,and vitamin B.
D)calcium,vitamin C,and vitamin K.

Question 61

Place the following steps of bone repair in the correct sequence. 1.The bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone.
2)A hematoma fills the gap between bone fragments.
3)Osteoblasts build a new bone callus.
4)Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate the hematoma and a soft callus forms.

A)2,4,3,1
B)3,2,1,4
C)2,3,4,1
D)3,2,4,1

Question 62

Bone provides the site of attachment for most smooth muscles.

Question 63

Spongy bone resists forces from many directions and forms a protective framework for the red bone marrow.

Question 64

How long does bone repair generally take?

A)12- 16 weeks
B)4- 6 months
C)2- 4 weeks
D)6- 8 weeks

Question 65

The predominant ingredient of the inorganic matrix of bone is calcium salts,with the majority existing as large molecules of hydroxyapatite crystals.

Question 66

Explain how red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow differ structurally.

Question 67

In adults,most bone marrow in the body is yellow.

Question 68

Outline the events of intramembranous ossification.

Question 69

All bone growth completely stops by the end of adolescence.

Question 70

Brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta)usually results from a collagen deficiency.Explain how a collagen deficiency affects bone structure.

Question 71

Summarize the components of an osteon of compact bone tissue.

Question 72

Describe the role of osteoblasts in intramembranous ossification.

Question 73

The ribs and sternum are classified as flat bones because they are thin and broad.

Question 74

The kneecap (patella)is considered a short bone since it is a round,flat bone located within tendons.

Question 75

Bone deposition exceeds bone resorption when bones are stressed through compression or tension.

Question 76

What do fibroblasts contribute to bone repair?

A)Fibroblasts form new collagen fibers to bridge the gap between bone fragments.
B)Fibroblasts secrete hyaline cartilage to form a soft callus.
C)Fibroblasts direct the transition from primary bone to secondary bone.
D)Fibroblasts form the hematoma that involves a mass of blood cells.

Question 77

Explain how primary bone differs from secondary bone.

Question 78

Discuss how the osteoblast differs functionally from the osteoclast.

Question 79

The process of ossification begins at a primary ossification center in both intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

Question 80

The epiphyseal plate is a layer of compact bone from which longitudinal growth occurs.