Deck 23: Metabolism and Nutrition

Question 1

The sum of the body's chemical reactions is known as:

A)homeostasis.
B)phosphorylation.
C)oxidation.
D)metabolism.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose in the body is classified as:

A)synthesis.
B)catabolism.
C)anabolism.
D)homeostasis

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Protein catabolism results in:

A)nucleic acids.
B)nucleotides.
C)amino acids.
D)fatty acids.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to "pay" for a cellular process?

A)phosphorylation
B)synthesis
C)anabolism
D)oxidation

Question 5

What is NOT required for glycolysis to occur?

A)enzymes
B)ATP
C)phosphate group
D)mitochondrion

Question 6

How many net ATP are produced as a result of glycolysis?

A)12 ATP
B)8 ATP
C)2 ATP
D)4 ATP

Question 7

Which of the following reactions is driven by glucose catabolism?

A)ATP synthesis
B)ATP catabolism
C)ATP oxidation-reduction
D)ATP hydrolysis

Question 8

Which of the following reactions releases energy?

A)phosphorylation reactions
B)endergonic reactions
C)exergonic reactions
D)oxidation reactions

Question 9

When NAD⁺ is it becomes NADH.

A)reduced
B)hydrolyzed
C)oxidized
D)catabolized

Question 10

The transfer of a phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP is classified as:

A)second phosphorylation.
B)oxidative phosphorylation.
C)substrate-level phosphorylation.
D)first phosphorylation.

Question 11

What term best summarizes ATP hydrolysis?

A)exergonic
B)endergonic
C)oxidative
D)anabolic

Question 12

Carbon dioxide results from the loss of carbon atoms during:

A)the electron transport chain.
B)chemiosmosis.
C)ATP production by ATP synthase.
D)the citric acid cycle.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis?

A)Two molecules of ATP are spent.
B)Glucose is split into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules.
C)Four molecules of NADH are spent.
D)Four molecules of ATP are synthesized.

Question 14

Electron transfer reactions are termed oxidation- reactions.

A)neutralization
B)reduction
C)phosphorylation
D)hydrolysis

Question 15

In order to proceed,endergonic reactions require an input of:

A)glucose.
B)amino acids.
C)energy.
D)oxygen.

Question 16

What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle?

A)oxaloacetate
B)pyruvate
C)citric acid
D)succinate

Question 17

When electrons are lost from one reactant,they are transferred to another compound in reactions known as:

A)endergonic reactions.
B)oxidation-reduction reactions.
C)phosphorylation reactions.
D)synthesis reactions.

Question 18

Substances that lose electrons are said to be:

A)oxidized.
B)synthesized.
C)reduced.
D)anabolized.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP?

A)fatty acids
B)amino acids
C)nucleic acids
D)glucose

Question 20

Under anaerobic conditions,what happens to pyruvate?

A)Pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondrion.
B)Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle.
C)Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
D)Pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation.

Question 21

What type of organic molecule must undergo transamination prior to being used for ATP synthesis?

A)glucose
B)fatty acids
C)glycerol
D)amino acids

Question 22

What part of a triglyceride undergoes fi-oxidation?

A)fatty acids
B)glycerol
C)glucose
D)glycogen

Question 23

If oxygen was NOT available as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain,which cellular respiration product could not be made?

A)acetyl-CoA
B)oxaloacetate
C)water
D)carbon dioxide

Question 24

Ketone bodies can be broken down into acetyl-CoA and then oxidized during:

A)chemiosmosis.
B)citric acid cycle.
C)glycolysis.
D)electron transport chain.

Question 25

During fi-oxidation,what happens to the FADH₂ and NADH that are oxidized from the fatty acid chain?

A)FADH₂ and NADH enter substrate-level phosphorylation.
B)FADH₂ and NADH enter the electron transport chain.
C)FADH₂ and NADH enter glycolysis.
D)FADH₂ and NADH enter the citric acid cycle.

Question 26

If NADH and FADH₂ fail to be oxidized as part of the electron transport chain (ETC),what is affected?

A)the regeneration of oxaloacetate
B)the formation of acetyl-CoA
C)the electromotive force required to drive the electron transport chain (ETC)
D)the phosphorylation and oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 27

A drug inhibits the citric acid cycle from generating ATP.How many ATP are lost from the total amount of ATP made thus far between the processes of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A)4 ATP
B)2 ATP
C)1 ATP
D)12 ATP

Question 28

The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can generate ATP through:

A)the electron transport chain or chemiosmosis.
B)glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
C)oxidative deamination.
D)fi-oxidation.

Question 29

What two products can be generated from the transamination of an amino acid?

A)ketone bodies and glycerol
B)a carbon skeleton and the amino acid glutamate
C)palmitic acid and fatty acids
D)fatty acids and glycerol

Question 30

What ions are pumped against their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A)bicarbonate
B)oxygen
C)iron
D)hydrogen

Question 31

In which process of cellular respiration is water produced?

A)electron transport chain
B)glycolysis
C)citric acid cycle
D)citrate synthesis

Question 32

How many total ATP molecules are made when one glucose molecule is completely oxidized?

A)4 ATP
B)2 ATP
C)24 ATP
D)38 ATP

Question 33

Which of the following can produce ketone bodies?

A)glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B)NADH
C)acetyl-CoA
D)glycerol

Question 34

Julia has diabetes mellitus and is experiencing ketoacidosis.What does her body oxidize to generate ATP?

A)glucose
B)glycerol
C)fatty acids
D)glycogen

Question 35

Which of the following results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride?

A)glycerol and fatty acids
B)polysaccharides
C)amino acids
D)nucleic acids

Question 36

A mutation has damaged the formation of oxaloacetate.What process will be impaired?

A)ATP synthase
B)chemiosmosis
C)electron transport chain
D)citric acid cycle

Question 37

Transamination results in an ammonia-containing product that can be eliminated by the kidneys in the urine called:

A)creatinine.
B)urea.
C)bilirubin.
D)bicarbonate ion.

Question 38

What is required for glucose catabolism to proceed beyond glycolysis?

A)carbon dioxide
B)heat
C)water
D)oxygen

Question 39

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A)carbon dioxide
B)oxygen
C)pyruvate
D)acetyl-CoA

Question 40

A drug inhibits the work of ATP synthase.Determine the effect on chemiosmosis.

A)Oxygen would no longer be required for ATP production.
B)Carbon dioxide would no longer be made as a result of ATP production.
C)ATP production would stop.
D)ATP production would increase rapidly.

Question 41

The release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of:

A)ketone bodies.
B)ammonia.
C)fatty acids.
D)creatinine.

Question 42

As a way to conserve glucose for the cells of the nervous system during glucose sparing,the body preferentially catabolizes:

A)glycerol.
B)fatty acids.
C)amino acids.
D)glycogen.

Question 43

The majority of the body's energy is stored as:

A)glycogen.
B)triglycerides.
C)glucose.
D)amino acids.

Question 44

Excess dietary proteins may become all of the following EXCEPT:

A)glycerol.
B)glucose.
C)fatty acids.
D)glycogen.

Question 45

Determine the effect of inadequate insulin on the absorptive state.

A)Anabolic processes will be impaired.
B)More glucose will be stored as glycogen.
C)More triglycerides will be stored as fat.
D)Blood glucose levels will decrease.

Question 46

What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?

A)glucogenic amino acids
B)glycerol
C)pyruvate
D)fatty acid

Question 47

Heat is exchanged between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

A)convection.
B)radiation.
C)evaporation.
D)precipitation.

Question 48

The total amount of energy expended by the body to power all of its processes is called:

A)the basal metabolic rate.
B)homeostasis.
C)the metabolic rate.
D)cellular respiration.

Question 49

Classify the conversion of glycerol into glucose.

A)glycolysis
B)gluconeogenesis
C)glycogenesis
D)glycogenolysis

Question 50

Which of the following does NOT occur during the absorptive state that occurs right after feeding?

A)glycogenesis
B)oxidation of nutrient molecules
C)lipogenesis
D)gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 51

Which hormone promotes hunger?

A)leptin
B)ghrelin
C)secretin
D)gastrin

Question 52

Kidney failure can lead to a build-up of a product of transamination in the blood.Which of the following would you expect to remain in the blood rather than be released into the urine?

A)ketone bodies
B)fatty acids
C)glycerol
D)ammonia

Question 53

What hormone suppresses the appetite?

A)leptin
B)ghrelin
C)neuropeptide Y
D)orexin

Question 54

The products of glycogenolysis are the same as the reactants of:

A)gluconeogenesis.
B)lipolysis.
C)glycogenesis.
D)glycolysis.

Question 55

Under normal conditions,where should we expect to see most urea?

A)urine
B)extracellular fluids
C)blood
D)intracellular fluids

Question 56

Which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells,lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood?

A)glucagon
B)cortisol
C)insulin
D)epinephrine

Question 57

Select the statement that best describes lipogenesis.

A)Fatty acids are synthesized during lipogenesis.
B)Fatty acids are converted to glucose during lipogenesis.
C)Glycogen is converted to glucose during lipogenesis.
D)Amino acids are assembled into proteins during lipogenesis.

Question 58

The process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as:

A)glycolysis.
B)glycogenesis.
C)glycogenolysis.
D)gluconeogenesis.

Question 59

Feeding is controlled by nuclei in the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)pons.
C)corpus callosum.
D)thalamus.

Question 60

Julian likes to ride his bike every day.Determine the effect of exercise on his basal metabolic rate (BMR).

A)The metabolic rate decreases during exercise as much as ten-fold below BMR.
B)BMR is not influenced by exercise.
C)The metabolic rate increases during exercise as much as ten-fold above BMR.
D)The metabolic rate only increases if the person exercising is male.

Question 61

Select the two factors upon which body mass index depends.

A)muscle mass and fat mass
B)ethnicity and sex
C)body type and physical activity
D)height and weight

Question 62

When body temperature decreases below the normal range,thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the decrease in body temperature.The heat-promoting center of the hypothalamus is activated,which sends signals to blood vessels and skeletal muscles.In response,blood vessels in the skin constrict and skeletal muscles shiver.Determine the part of this negative feedback loop that serves as the control center.

A)blood vessels and skeletal muscles
B)body temperature
C)thermoreceptors
D)hypothalamus

Question 63

Essential nutrients:

A)are only obtained through the diet.
B)include most carbohydrates.
C)are made by the body.
D)include cholesterol.

Question 64

Which statement is TRUE regarding complete proteins?

A)Complete proteins can only be obtained from animal proteins.
B)Complete proteins provide all of the essential amino acids.
C)Complete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.
D)Complete proteins can be synthesized from carbon skeletons.

Question 65

When NADH is oxidized,it becomes NAD⁺.

Question 66

Which type of lipoprotein transfers cholesterol from the cells in peripheral tissues to the liver for inclusion as part of bile?

A)high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
B)low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C)lipoprotein lipase
D)very-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

Question 67

How are vitamins classified?

A)macronutrients
B)carbohydrates
C)minerals
D)micronutrients

Question 68

Reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule are known as anabolic reactions.

Question 69

Thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near:

A)35.4 °C (95.7 °F).
B)34.7 °C (94.5 °F).
C)37.5 °C (99.5 °F).
D)39.0 °C (102.2 °F).

Question 70

You have received a copy of your blood report.You were happy to see high levels of:

A)low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
B)very-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs).
C)high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
D)cholesterol.

Question 71

Which of the following food sources is a poor source of minerals?

A)high-fat foods
B)meats
C)vegetables
D)fruits

Question 72

Which of these vitamins is water-soluble?

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin K

Question 73

What part of the brain is involved in thermoregulation?

A)hypothalamus
B)pons
C)thalamus
D)midbrain

Question 74

Which of the following body temperatures is recognized as hypothermia?

A)below 32 °C (89.6 °F)
B)above 41.1 °C (106 °F)
C)above 42.8 °C (109 °F)
D)above 38.3 °C (101 °F)

Question 75

Endergonic reactions release more energy than is needed to proceed.

Question 76

Fruits,honey,candy,and juices are dietary sources of:

A)monosaccharides and disaccharides.
B)polysaccharides.
C)unsaturated fatty acids.
D)complete proteins.

Question 77

When body temperature increases above the normal range,thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the increase in body temperature.The heat-loss center of the hypothalamus is activated,which sends signals to blood vessels and sweat glands.In response,blood vessels in the skin dilate and sweat glands release sweat.Determine the part of this negative feedback loop that serves as the effector(s).

A)thermoreceptors
B)body temperature
C)blood vessels and sweat glands
D)hypothalamus

Question 78

Recommended daily intake of carbohydrates should mostly come from:

A)simple sugars.
B)monosaccharides.
C)polysaccharides.
D)disaccharides.

Question 79

Ella sweats out fluids on a hot,dry day without realizing she is losing heat and fluids insensibly.Determine which heat transfer mechanism occurs when Ella sweats.

A)radiation
B)convection
C)conduction
D)evaporation

Question 80

What percentage of the total caloric intake should be saturated fats?

A)no greater than 30%
B)0%
C)no greater than 10%
D)45-60%