Deck 24: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which portion of the renal tubule has a brush border created by the presence of many microvilli?

A)distal tubule
B)descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
C)proximal tubule
D)ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What increases the permeability of the glomerulus by making the capillaries "leaky"?

A)microvilli
B)desmosomes
C)fenestrations
D)tight junctions

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the:

A)collecting duct.
B)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C)distal tubule.
D)proximal tubule.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Identify the structure marked as "3."

A)distal tubule
B)renal corpuscle
C)proximal tubule
D)collecting duct

Question 5

What are the two main divisions of the nephron?

A)renal cortex and renal medulla
B)renal pyramids and renal columns
C)renal corpuscle and renal tubule
D)glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

Question 6

What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock?

A)renal pelvis
B)renal capsule
C)renal fascia
D)adipose capsule

Question 7

The functional units of the kidneys are:

A)renal sinuses.
B)nephrons.
C)renal pyramids.
D)glomeruli.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the kidneys?

A)regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
B)hematopoiesis
C)regulation of acid-base balance
D)removal of metabolic wastes

Question 9

Urine drains from a major calyx into:

A)the renal pelvis.
B)the renal tubule.
C)a papilla.
D)a minor calyx.

Question 10

A glomerulus is:

A)the source of erythropoietin.
B)attached to the collecting duct.
C)a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
D)a hairpin loop segment of the renal tubule.

Question 11

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?

A)interlobar artery
B)segmental artery
C)renal artery
D)interlobular (cortical radiate)artery

Question 12

Place these vessels in the correct order as blood flows into and through the kidney. 1.afferent arteriole
2)arcuate artery
3)efferent arteriole
4)glomerulus
5)interlobar artery
6)interlobular (cortical radiate)artery
7)renal artery
8)segmental artery

A)7,8,6,2,5,1,5,3
B)7,5,8,6,2,4,3,1
C)7,8,5,2,6,1,4,3
D)7,8,2,5,6,3,4,1

Question 13

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to:

A)regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
B)regulate blood solute concentration.
C)conserve or eliminate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
D)regulate removal of metabolic wastes.

Question 14

Which of the following is the capillary bed fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole?

A)peritubular capillaries
B)macula densa cells
C)vasa recta
D)glomerulus

Question 15

In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?

A)renal sinus
B)renal cortex
C)renal medulla
D)renal pelvis

Question 16

Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the:

A)aorta.
B)urethra.
C)ureter.
D)inferior vena cava.

Question 17

The right kidney sits to the left kidney due to the position of the liver.

A)posterior
B)inferior
C)superior
D)medial

Question 18

The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the:

A)pyramid.
B)calyx.
C)hilum.
D)pelvis.

Question 19

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway but missing from the venous pathway?

A)interlobar
B)arcuate
C)interlobular (cortical radiate)
D)segmental

Question 20

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

A)renal pelvis,renal sinus,renal fascia
B)renal sinus,renal medulla,renal cortex
C)renal pelvis,renal medulla,renal cortex
D)renal sinus,renal pelvis,renal cortex

Question 21

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP)is created by:

A)proteins such as albumin in the blood.
B)fluids in the blood plasma.
C)systemic blood pressure.
D)filtrate in the capsular space.

Question 22

The myogenic mechanism acts to restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)by changing:

A)blood pH.
B)tubular secretion of metabolic wastes.
C)vessel diameter.
D)blood pressure.

Question 23

What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)in mL/min?

A)275
B)125
C)75
D)500

Question 24

What should NOT be found in filtrate?

A)plasma proteins
B)acids and bases
C)metabolic wastes
D)water and electrolytes

Question 25

Items reclaimed during tubular reabsorption are returned to the:

A)minor calyx.
B)renal pelvis.
C)collecting system.
D)blood.

Question 26

The glomerular filtration rate is defined as:

A)the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.
B)the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24-hour period.
C)the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.
D)the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane.

Question 27

What do the macula densa cells regulate in their role as part of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop?

A)changes in renal clearance
B)changes in glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
C)changes in blood pH
D)changes in the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP)

Question 28

Podocytes in fenestrated glomerular capillaries prevent the filtration of large molecules such as:

A)albumin.
B)nitrogenous wastes.
C)amino acids.
D)glucose.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the cortical nephrons?

A)Cortical nephrons are wrapped by the vasa recta.
B)Cortical nephrons have a short nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C)The renal corpuscle of a cortical nephron sits in the outer renal cortex.
D)Cortical nephrons are the most numerous type of nephron in the kidneys.

Question 30

The process of filtration occurs in the:

A)collecting duct.
B)distal tubule.
C)proximal tubule.
D)renal corpuscle.

Question 31

What is net filtration pressure (NFP)in the glomerular capillaries,in mm Hg?

A)10
B)25
C)0
D)- 5

Question 32

Determine the correct order of the structure of the filtration membrane from deep to superficial.

A)basal lamina,podocytes,fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells
B)fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells,podocytes,basal lamina
C)podocytes,basal lamina,fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells
D)fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells,basal lamina,podocytes

Question 33

Jasmine has high blood pressure and an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).How does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism restore normal pressure in her glomerulus?

A)The juxtaglomerular (JG)cells increase production of renin.
B)The juxtaglomerular (JG)cells decrease production of renin.
C)The efferent arteriole constricts.
D)The afferent arteriole vasodilates.

Question 34

How does the vessel diameter of the afferent arteriole change in order to decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)and restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)to normal?

A)The afferent arteriole will vasodilate.
B)The afferent arteriole has no effect on GHP and GFR.
C)The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict,then vasodilate.
D)The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict.

Question 35

What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)in the absence of regulatory mechanisms?

A)GFR will decrease.
B)GFR will not change.
C)GFR will decrease,then increase.
D)GFR will increase.

Question 36

Filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the:

A)thin ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B)thick descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C)distal tubule.
D)proximal tubule.

Question 37

Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption?

A)Tubular reabsorption removes toxins from the blood that was not filtered.
B)Tubular reabsorption moves items from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate.
C)Tubular reabsorption moves blood plasma through the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillaries.
D)Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Question 38

The main force that promotes filtration in a nephron is:

A)glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP).
B)capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP).
C)glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP).
D)colloid osmotic pressure (COP).

Question 39

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular (JG)cells form the:

A)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B)filtration membrane.
C)renal corpuscle.
D)juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).

Question 40

Simple squamous epithelium is located in the:

A)descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B)proximal tubule.
C)ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
D)distal tubule.

Question 41

Which of these is a hormone that lowers blood volume and blood pressure?

A)angiotensin-II (A-II)
B)renin
C)aldosterone
D)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 42

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by:

A)secondary active transport.
B)diffusion.
C)facilitated diffusion.
D)antiport.

Question 43

Which statement is TRUE regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A)ADH promotes water loss and increases urine output.
B)ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water.
C)ADH causes the kidneys to produce very dilute urine.
D)ADH is secreted in response to low potassium ions in the blood.

Question 44

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)constrict both the afferent and efferent arterioles.
B)lower blood volume and blood pressure.
C)increase renin secretion.
D)increase blood concentration of angiotensin-II (A-II).

Question 45

Where are creatinine,ammonium ions,small amounts of urea,and drugs such as penicillin typically secreted?

A)ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
B)distal tubule
C)proximal tubule
D)collecting duct

Question 46

Which of the following will trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)into action?

A)low blood pressure
B)parasympathetic nervous system stimulation
C)high levels of sodium ions in the filtrate
D)an increase in systemic blood pressure

Question 47

A drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)may lead to:

A)increased blood volume.
B)decreased blood pressure.
C)increased secretion of aldosterone.
D)increased sodium reabsorption.

Question 48

Which of the following enhances obligatory water reabsorption?

A)presence of aldosterone in the distal tubule
B)ATP
C)presence of high levels of glucose in the filtrate
D)aquaporins

Question 49

What is coupled with glucose reabsorption using a symporter in the early part of the proximal tubule?

A)sodium ions
B)amino acids
C)bicarbonate ions
D)hydrogen ions

Question 50

Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when:

A)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)release is decreased.
B)sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed from the descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C)the distal tubule is permeable to water.
D)the collecting system is permeable to water.

Question 51

What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop?

A)secretion of water and electrolytes into the filtrate
B)production of very dilute urine
C)constriction of the arterioles to increase blood pressure
D)creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT true about tubular reabsorption?

A)Tubular reabsorption may involve hormonal control.
B)Tubular reabsorption occurs via paracellular or transcellular routes.
C)Tubular reabsorption moves items from the filtrate into the blood.
D)Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process.

Question 53

What chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-I (A-I)into active angiotensin-II (A-II)?

A)angiotensinogen
B)angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
C)renin
D)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 54

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate:

A)blood volume.
B)blood pH.
C)blood pressure.
D)blood solute concentration of sodium ions.

Question 55

Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?

A)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)and parathyroid hormone
C)aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D)aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 56

How much urine,in liters,is typically produced in a 24-hour period?

A)1)8
B)0)5
C)4)3
D)0)9

Question 57

Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)?

A)A-II decreases blood volume.
B)A-II promotes thirst.
C)A-II dilates efferent arterioles.
D)A-II decreases systemic blood pressure.

Question 58

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle),the:

A)thin segment is not permeable to sodium ions,chloride ions,or water.
B)movement of water and solutes is passive.
C)thick segment is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium and chloride ions.
D)thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions.

Question 59

How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)contribute to a decrease in blood volume and systemic blood pressure?

A)ANP dilates the afferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole.
B)ANP constricts the afferent arteriole and dilates the efferent arteriole.
C)ANP dilates both the afferent and efferent arterioles.
D)ANP constricts both the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Question 60

Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT:

A)translucency.
B)a pH of 3.0.
C)mild odor.
D)yellow color.

Question 61

The proximal tubule is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and microvilli.

Question 62

Substances used to measure renal clearance should be:

A)filtered and reabsorbed,but not secreted.
B)secreted but neither filtered nor reabsorbed.
C)filtered,reabsorbed,and secreted.
D)completely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

Question 63

What initiates the micturition reflex?

A)The external urethral sphincter relaxes.
B)The internal urethral sphincter relaxes.
C)Parasympathetic efferent fibers stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle.
D)Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Question 64

What is renal clearance used to estimate?

A)countercurrent exchange
B)glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
C)net filtration pressure (NFP)
D)glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

Question 65

Urine dripping from a renal pyramid passes first into the major calyx then into the minor calyx.

Question 66

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)is largely determined by systemic blood pressure.

Question 67

The yellow color of urine comes from the presence of:

A)sodium ions.
B)glucose.
C)ammonia.
D)urochrome.

Question 68

What process propels urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder in the ureters?

A)osmosis
B)secondary active transport
C)peristalsis
D)segmentation

Question 69

The majority of sodium ions are reclaimed through sodium ion leak channels in the proximal tubule.

Question 70

Creatinine,urea,uric acid,and ammonium ions are too large to pass through the filtration membrane.

Question 71

The function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)is to decrease systemic blood pressure.

Question 72

Renal clearance is defined as:

A)the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during one day.
B)the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane.
C)the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.
D)the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.

Question 73

The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by:

A)the internal and external urethral sphincters.
B)the internal and external urethral orifices.
C)the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice.
D)the prostatic,membranous,and spongy urethra.

Question 74

Compared to the male urethra,the female urethra:

A)consists of the prostatic,membranous,and spongy regions.
B)is shorter.
C)has no external urethral sphincter.
D)transports both urine and semen.

Question 75

Hydrogen ion secretion leads to bicarbonate ions reabsorption in order to maintain proper blood pH balance.

Question 76

Filtrate and whole blood contain identical constituents.

Question 77

Since the thin descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water,and not very permeable to solutes,the concentration of the filtrate will increase as it reaches the bottom of the loop.

Question 78

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Question 79

The glomerulus is fed and drained by arterioles.

Question 80

Voluntary neural control is necessary for:

A)contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.
B)relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
C)contraction of the detrusor muscle.
D)relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.