Deck 19: Fluid,electrolyte Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)exerts which of the following effects?

A) ADH prompts the collecting ducts of the kidneys to reabsorb more water and produce less urine.
B) ADH prompts the collecting ducts of the kidneys to reabsorb less water and produce more urine.
C) ADH prompts the collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium,resulting in the production of less urine.
D) ADH prompts the collecting ducts to decrease reabsorption of sodium,resulting in the production of more urine.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which electrolyte imbalance would you expect to observe in a patient with chronic diarrhea?

A) Hyponatremia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hyperkalemia

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The body loses the least amount of water through which of the following?

A) Breathing
B) Feces
C) Skin
D) Metabolism

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When the volume of total body water declines,

A) blood pressure drops,sodium concentration increases,and osmolarity increases.
B) blood pressure drops,sodium concentration declines,and osmolarity increases.
C) blood pressure drops,sodium concentration declines,and osmolarity decreases.
D) blood pressure drops,sodium concentration increases,and osmolarity decreases.

Question 5

Sodium accounts for what percentage of extracellular fluid osmolarity?

A) 60 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 90 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 6

What is the normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid?

A) 7.25 to 7.35
B) 7.35 to 7.45
C) 7.45 to 7.55
D) 7.50 to 7.60

Question 7

A patient in an automobile accident had both legs crushed.You might expect to see which electrolyte imbalance?

A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypercalcemia

Question 8

What is the fluid between cells inside tissue called?

A) Intracellular fluid
B) Extracellular fluid
C) Interstitial fluid
D) Transcellular fluid

Question 9

Which of the following is a cause of edema?

A) Replacing heavy losses of water and sodium with just water.
B) Electrolyte imbalances
C) Decreased capillary pressure
D) Increased concentration of plasma proteins

Question 10

Which part of the brain participates in the regulation of fluid intake and output?

A) Medulla
B) Pons
C) Hypothalamus
D) Cerebellum

Question 11

If the concentration of electrolytes in tissue fluid increases,which of the following will occur?

A) Water will move out of cells and into the tissues.
B) Electrolytes will move out of cells and into tissues.
C) Water will move out of tissues and into cells.
D) Electrolytes will move out of tissues and into cells.

Question 12

Which of the following is one of the reasons infants are more prone to dehydration than are adults?

A) Infants have a slow metabolism.
B) Infants have a small surface area in relation to their volume.
C) An infant's kidneys do not concentrate urine effectively.
D) The plasma membranes in an infant are more permeable to water.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about calcium is correct?

A) Calcium exists mostly outside the cell.
B) Calcium plays a key role in muscle relaxation.
C) Plasma calcium levels are regulated by thyroid hormone.
D) Calcium plays a role in blood formation.

Question 14

How does the bicarbonate buffer system buffer a strong acid?

A) By binding with hydrogen atoms
B) By releasing hydrogen atoms
C) By dissociating into carbon dioxide and water
D) By interfering with the creation of new acids

Question 15

What effect will an increased respiratory rate have on pH and why?

A) It will cause pH to decline because less CO₂ will be available to combine with water to form carbonic acid.
B) It will cause pH to decline because more bicarbonate will combine with carbonic acid.
C) It will cause pH to increase because less CO₂ will be available to combine with water to form carbonic acid.
D) It will cause pH to increase because more bicarbonate will combine with carbonic acid.

Question 16

What is the main electrolyte of extracellular fluid?

A) Potassium
B) Sodium
C) Calcium
D) Chloride

Question 17

Most of the body's water resides

A) outside of cells.
B) within cells.
C) within vessels.
D) within organs.

Question 18

Which buffer system can neutralize the most acids and bases?

A) Respiratory system
B) Chemical buffer system
C) Renal system
D) All buffer systems neutralize the same amount of acids and bases

Question 19

Which of the following conditions results when the body eliminates more water than sodium?

A) Volume depletion
B) Hypovolemia
C) Dehydration
D) Fluid overload

Question 20

Which buffer system actually expels H⁺ ions from the body?

A) Bicarbonate buffer system
B) Respiratory system
C) Renal system
D) Phosphate buffer system

Question 21

Substances that break up into electrically charged particles when dissolved in water are called ____________________.

Question 22

The various mechanisms used by the body to keep acids and bases in balance are called ____________________.

Question 23

____________________ buffers use the respiratory and urinary systems to stabilize pH.

Question 24

The condition in which fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces,causing tissues to swell,is called ____________________.

Question 25

The most abundant extracellular anion is ____________________.

Question 26

The pH of a solution is determined by its concentration of ____________________ ions.

Question 27

The most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances are imbalances in ____________________.

Question 28

What will be the body's initial response to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A) The respiratory rate will increase.
B) The respiratory rate will decrease.
C) The kidneys will eliminate H⁺ and absorb bicarbonate.
D) The kidneys will conserve H⁺ and excrete more bicarbonate.

Question 29

What type of imbalance would you expect to see as a result of hyperventilation?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 30

The electrolyte imbalance that results from acidosis is ____________________.

Question 31

The primary hormone that regulates serum levels of sodium and potassium is ____________________.

Question 32

Maintaining the body's normal pH range depends on a precise ratio of what two substances?

A) Sodium to potassium
B) Bicarbonate ions to hydrogen ions
C) Hydrogen ions to hydroxide ions
D) Bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid