Deck 15: Two Routes to Persuasion

Question 1

A need refers to
•a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.
•anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
•a desire to perform a behavior in order to avoid punishment.
•a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people.

Answer 1

•a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal

Question 2

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained in terms of
•arousal theory.
•instinct theory.
•drive-reduction theory.
•incentive theory.

Answer 2

•drive-reduction theory

Question 3

An instinctive behavior is one that is
•designed to reduce drives.
•triggered by a sexual incentive.
•similar in all living organisms.
•unlearned.

Answer 3

•unlearned

Question 4

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts,optimum arousal,a hierarchy of motives,and
•drive reduction.
•self-transcendence.
•neuroscience.
•basal metabolic rate.

Question 5

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called
•needs.
•incentives.
•set points.
•drives.

Question 6

Motivation is defined by psychologists as
•an impulse to accomplish something of significance.
•rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of all people.
•a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.
•the cause of behavior.

Question 7

An aroused,motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
•instinct.
•incentive.
•drive.
•set point.

Question 8

Homeostasis,which is the goal of drive reduction,is defined as
•a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
•an aroused tension state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
•the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
•a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal.

Question 9

For a hungry person,the consumption of food serves to
•lower the set point.
•satisfy instinctive drives.
•maintain homeostasis.
•reduce blood glucose levels.

Question 10

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.
•homeostasis; thirst
•incentive; instinct
•need; drive
•set point; basal metabolic rate

Question 11

Which theory has been accused of simply naming rather than explaining behaviors?
•drive-reduction
•set point
•arousal
•instinct

Question 12

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?
•instinct theory
•drive-reduction theory
•hierarchy of needs theory
•arousal theory

Question 13

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of
•instincts.
•homeostasis.
•arousal.
•incentives.

Question 14

Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n)
•incentive.
•homeostatic mechanism.
•instinct.
•drive.

Question 15

Which of the following is clearly NOT an example of an incentive?
•$1000
•threat of punishment
•smell of popcorn
•dehydration

Question 16

On some college football teams,players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of
•set points.
•homeostasis.
•incentives.
•self-transcendence.

Question 17

A complex,unlearned,and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)
•set point.
•drive.
•instinct.
•incentive.

Question 18

Lack of body fluids is to the sight of cool drinking water as ________ is to ________.
•need; incentive
•need; drive
•instinct; set point
•homeostasis; drive

Question 19

For a thirsty person,drinking water serves to reduce
•a drive.
•an instinct.
•the set point.
•basal metabolic rate.

Question 20

It is characteristic of bears to hibernate. This behavior is an example of
•an instinct.
•homeostasis.
•an incentive.
•a drive.

Question 21

In addition to producing orexin,the ________ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.
•hippocampus
•amygdala
•cerebellum
•hypothalamus

Question 22

When a rat is food-deprived,its ________ level decreases,and the ________ produces the hunger-triggering hormone orexin.
•blood glucose; lateral hypothalamus
•ghrelin; lateral hypothalamus
•obestatin; ventromedial hypothalamus
•blood glucose; ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 23

Activity in the ________ depresses hunger.
•lateral hippocampus
•lateral hypothalamus
•ventromedial hippocampus
•ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 24

On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,one would be LEAST likely to predict that a
•starving person might sell his or her child to obtain food.
•teacher with high self-esteem might seek a career change to use his or her abilities more fully.
•successful business executive might show greater concern for his or her family relationships than for becoming president of his corporation.
•prisoner might choose to die rather than betray his or her country.

Question 25

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet
•became apathetic and lost interest in food.
•remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it.
•lost interest in sex and social activities.
•became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues.

Question 26

People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry. This illustrates that activated motives
•increase basal metabolic rate.
•shorten the refractory period.
•reduce the set point.
•dominate consciousness.

Question 27

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?
•arousal theory
•hierarchy of needs theory
•instinct theory
•drive-reduction theory

Question 28

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
•belongingness needs.
•self-esteem needs.
•self-transcendence needs.
•self-actualization needs.

Question 29

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to
•increasing obestatin levels.
•decreasing blood glucose levels.
•increasing PYY levels.
•decreasing orexin levels.

Question 30

Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that
•there is no relationship between stomach contractions and the experience of hunger.
•hunger continues in humans whose cancerous stomachs have been removed.
•rats whose stomachs have been removed must be force-fed to prevent starvation.
•the secretion of ghrelin is reduced when the stomach is empty.

Question 31

When a rat's blood sugar level decreases,the ________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering hormone ________.
•lateral; obestatin
•lateral; orexin
•ventromedial; obestatin
•ventromedial; orexin

Question 32

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for
•self-esteem.
•love and friendship.
•religious fulfillment.
•food and water.

Question 33

Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones. This fact would most clearly be anticipated by
•instinct theory.
•arousal theory.
•evolutionary theory.
•hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 34

Which of the following is a hunger-suppressing hormone secreted by the stomach?
•orexin
•ghrelin
•obestatin
•insulin

Question 35

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of
•the need to belong.
•sexual disorders.
•hunger.
•boredom.

Question 36

According to Maslow,our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.
•love; food
•adequate clothing; self-esteem
•self-actualization; friendship
•political freedom; economic security

Question 37

Hunger is increased by ________; it is decreased by ________.
•a high ghrelin level; a low orexin level
•stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus; stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus
•a low orexin level; a high ghrelin level
•stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus; stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus

Question 38

Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to
•lower its set point for body weight.
•cause it to stop eating.
•lower its blood insulin level.
•cause the rat to become extremely fat.

Question 39

Dr. Milosz electrically stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of a well-fed laboratory rat. This procedure is likely to
•cause the rat to begin eating.
•decrease the rat's basal metabolic rate.
•facilitate conversion of the rat's blood glucose to fat.
•permanently lower the rat's set point.

Question 40

The secretion of ghrelin ________ appetite,and the secretion of obestatin ________ appetite.
•stimulates; stimulates
•suppresses; suppresses
•stimulates; suppresses
•suppresses; stimulates

Question 41

People's dislike of novel foods best illustrates
•drive reduction.
•neophobia.
•homeostasis.
•anorexia nervosa.

Question 42

An explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis is best illustrated by the concept of
•instinct.
•set point.
•neophobia.
•incentive.

Question 43

In a study of 3500 British bank and university staff,men were ________ likely to be overweight than were women,and men were ________ likely to perceive themselves as overweight than were women.
•more; more
•less; less
•more; less
•less; more

Question 44

The set point is
•the point at which fat cells no longer reproduce themselves.
•the body temperature of a healthy organism,for example,98.6 degrees Fahrenheit in humans.
•the point at which energy expenditures from exercise and from metabolism are equal.
•the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time.

Question 45

In an informal survey of 60,000 people,a ________ of women and a ________ of men said they would rather have a perfect body themselves than have a mate with a perfect body.
•majority; majority
•minority; minority
•majority; minority
•minority; majority

Question 46

Twenty-two-year-old Tawana is slightly overweight and loves to eat,particularly snack foods and rich desserts. Fearful of becoming overweight,she frequently takes a laxative following episodes of binge eating. Tawana most clearly suffers from
•bulimia nervosa.
•anorexia nervosa.
•excess PYY.
•neophobia.

Question 47

Leptin,a hunger-dampening protein,is secreted by
•endocrine glands.
•the stomach.
•fat cells.
•the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 48

About eight months ago,14-year-old Shelley went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 pounds. Although she is now dangerously underweight and under-nourished,she continues to think she looks fat. Her frustrated father recently forced her to eat a peanut butter sandwich,but Shelley immediately went to the bathroom and threw it all up. Shelley most clearly suffers from
•neophobia.
•an abnormally low set point.
•a high basal metabolic rate.
•anorexia nervosa.

Question 49

The recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include ________ than those in countries with colder climates.
•spices
•carbohydrates
•fats
•proteins

Question 50

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of
•drive reduction.
•insulin secretion.
•energy expenditure.
•homeostasis.

Question 51

Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who
•have physically or sexually abused their children.
•are high-achieving and protective.
•are unable to afford adequate food supplies.
•are unconcerned about physical appearance and body weight.

Question 52

Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by
•an unusually high rate of metabolism.
•cyclical fluctuations between extreme thinness and obesity.
•frequent migraine headaches.
•an excessive fear of becoming fat.

Question 53

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by psychological as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term
•plasticity.
•homeostasis.
•body mass index.
•settling point.

Question 54

People's preferences for sweet tastes are ________,and their preferences for excessively salty tastes are ________.
•needs; incentives
•incentives; needs
•universal; learned
•learned; universal

Question 55

Feelings of hunger are suppressed by the hormone
•ghrelin.
•orexin.
•serotonin.
•PYY.

Question 56

The level of serotonin in the brain is
•decreased by a diet high in sugar.
•decreased by a diet high in salt.
•increased by a diet high in protein.
•increased by a diet high in carbohydrates.

Question 57

Unlike those with bulimia nervosa,those with binge-eating disorders are NOT likely to ________ following binge eating.
•experience remorse
•gain weight
•engage in excessive exercise
•show increased glucose levels

Question 58

Over the past 50 years,American women have expressed ________ satisfaction with their physical appearance and have experienced a(n)________ incidence of serious eating disorders.
•increasing; decreasing
•increasing; increasing
•decreasing; decreasing
•decreasing; increasing

Question 59

When an organism's weight rises above its set point,the organism is likely to experience a(n)
•decrease in both hunger and basal metabolic rate.
•increase in hunger and a decrease in basal metabolic rate.
•decrease in hunger and an increase in basal metabolic rate.
•increase in both hunger and basal metabolic rate.

Question 60

The onset of ________ often begins after a dieter has broken diet restrictions and gorged.
•anorexia nervosa
•neophobia
•bulimia nervosa
•a high metabolic rate

Question 61

When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter,observers perceive them as
•more sincere and more friendly.
•more sincere and less friendly.
•less sincere and less friendly.
•less sincere and more friendly.

Question 62

Compared with people in the early 1900s,we are eating
•a lower-fat,higher-sugar diet.
•a lower-sugar,higher-fat diet.
•a lower-fat,lower-sugar diet.
•a higher-sugar,higher-fat diet.

Question 63

By dramatically reducing her daily caloric intake,Marilyn plans to reduce her normal body weight by 10 to 15 percent. Research suggests that after three or four weeks of sustained dieting,Marilyn will
•have a lower fat cell count.
•experience a decrease in her feelings of hunger.
•have a lower resting metabolic rate.
•have a lower set point for body weight.

Question 64

In one experiment,professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed
•no discrimination against either overweight men or overweight women.
•equal levels of discrimination against both overweight men and overweight women.
•greater discrimination against overweight men than against overweight women.
•greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.

Question 65

With sleep deprivation,the levels of leptin ________ and the levels of ghrelin ________.
•rise; rise
•fall; fall
•rise; fall
•fall; rise

Question 66

The health risks associated with obesity are generally the greatest for those who carry their excess weight around their
•bellies.
•buttocks.
•hips.
•thighs.

Question 67

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that
•when an obese person has lost weight,a diet and exercise program are no longer necessary for maintaining the lower weight.
•lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
•overweight people typically suffer from a lack of willpower and self-discipline.
•no matter how carefully people diet,they never lose fat cells.

Question 68

When a person's weight falls below its set point,he or she is likely to experience a(n)
•increase in hunger and an increase in its metabolic rate.
•increase in hunger and a decrease in its metabolic rate.
•decrease in hunger and a decrease in its metabolic rate.
•decrease in hunger and an increase in its metabolic rate.

Question 69

If your close friend becomes obese,the odds of you likewise becoming obese increase. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on obesity.
•FTO
•neophobia
•homeostasis
•social influence

Question 70

Those most vulnerable to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are those who ________ value thinness and have the ________ body dissatisfaction.
•least; least
•most; greatest
•least; greatest
•most; least

Question 71

John has a BMI of 35 and is desperate to get it down to at least 25. He is trying a low-sugar,low-carbohydrate diet. John is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because
•fat cells can be lost only with vigorous exercise.
•his resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt him to overeat.
•he has an unusually low set point for body weight.
•fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues.

Question 72

Abraham Maslow suggested that "a person who is lacking food,love,and self-esteem would most likely hunger for food more strongly than anything else." Conversely,the novelist Dostoyevski wrote,"without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life,man cannot live even if surrounded with bread." Give evidence that would lead you to support both statements.

Question 73

The World Health Organization identifies obesity as a high
•basal metabolic rate.
•body mass index.
•set point.
•PYY level.

Question 74

Researchers have observed that the incidence of obesity and diabetes among 50,000 nurses was predicted by their
•neophobia.
•FTO gene.
•TV viewing habits.
•childhood taste preferences.

Question 75

Which of the following suggestions would be the WORST advice for a dieter?
•"Minimize your exposure to tempting foods."
•"Accompany your diet with a sustained exercise program."
•"Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening."
•"Reduce your weight gradually over a period of many months."

Question 76

Research has linked women's obesity to their risk of late-life
•muscular dystrophy.
•anorexia nervosa.
•multiple sclerosis.
•Alzheimer's disease.

Question 77

Given an obese parent,boys are at a(n)________ risk for obesity and girls are at a(n)________ risk for obesity.
•increased; decreased
•decreased; increased
•increased; increased
•decreased; decreased

Question 78

Having lost weight,formerly obese individuals have ________ fat cells and ________ metabolic rates.
•fewer; faster
•smaller; faster
•fewer; slower
•smaller; slower

Question 79

A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing
•low blood pressure.
•stored energy.
•a low set point.
•reduced levels of serotonin.

Question 80

Evidence that obesity is influenced by factors in addition to genetics includes the fact that
•mice injected with daily doses of leptin become less active and gain weight.
•people lose a pound of weight for every reduction of 3500 calories in their diet.
•the weights of adopted people are highly correlated with the weights of their adoptive parents.
•the average adult American weighs over 20 pounds more today than 50 years ago.