Deck 11: Clinical Therapy: the Powers of Social Cognition

Question 1

As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job,your heart rate,body temperature,and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.
•parasympathetic
•sympathetic
•somatic
•central

Answer 1

•sympathetic

Question 2

In the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks,two-thirds of Americans responding to a University of Michigan survey reported
•sleeping difficulties.
•coronary heart disease.
•stomach ulcers.
•upper respiratory infections.

Answer 2

•sleeping difficulties

Question 3

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by
•resistance.
•exhaustion.
•an alarm reaction.
•a tend-and-befriend response.

Answer 3

•exhaustion

Question 4

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in
•the production of endorphins.
•the body's response to aerobic exercise.
•the body's response to prolonged stress.
•problem-focused coping.

Question 5

A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as
•serotonin.
•acetylcholine.
•norepinephrine.
•oxytocin.

Question 6

In response to stress,the adrenal glands release
•epinephrine.
•lymphocytes.
•cholesterol.
•serotonin.

Question 7

Cameron,a 50-year-old electrician,opens his pay envelope and,to his surprise,finds a pink slip inside indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?
•resistance
•alarm reaction
•adjustment
•exhaustion

Question 8

Because of poverty,unemployment,and overcrowding,residents of impoverished areas are especially likely to experience
•spontaneous remission.
•low blood sugar levels.
•the proliferation of lymphocytes.
•hypertension.

Question 9

Resistance to stress is greatest during ________ of the GAS.
•Phase 1
•Phase 2
•Phase 3
•Phase 4

Question 10

Hypertension rates are highest in those European countries where people report the lowest
•blood cholesterol levels.
•number of aggressive responses.
•coronary heart disease.
•subjective well-being.

Question 11

While taking a difficult test,Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are
•stressors.
•stress reactions.
•stress appraisals.
•emotion-focused coping.

Question 12

Luigi minimized the stress of testing positive for HIV by viewing this circumstance as an opportunity for a renewed religious commitment and spiritual growth. His reaction best illustrates the importance of
•spontaneous remission.
•the Type A personality.
•lymphocytes.
•stress appraisal.

Question 13

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are
•attention,comprehension,and resistance.
•alarm reaction,resistance,and exhaustion.
•adrenal release,cognitive appraisal,and stomach ulceration.
•reactive frustration,sympathetic arousal,and parasympathetic inhibition.

Question 14

The text defines stress as
•the experience of conflicting motives that produce anxiety and tension.
•the process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges.
•the blocking of an attempt to reach some important goal.
•physical,emotional,or mental exhaustion.

Question 15

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger
•less cortisol secretion.
•lowered blood sugar levels.
•a fight-or-flight reaction.
•an increase in the production of lymphocytes.

Question 16

Research on stressful life events indicates that
•those who live a relatively peaceful,monastic life actually suffer a higher-than-average rate of heart attacks.
•those who have been recently widowed,fired,or divorced are more vulnerable to disease.
•survivors of a natural disaster are immunized against stress and have fewer long-term health problems.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 17

In the 1920s,Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream.
•epinephrine and norepinephrine
•acetylcholine and endorphins
•lymphocytes and oxytocin
•estrogen and testosterone

Question 18

Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.
•fight; flight
•Type B; Type A
•lymphocyte; macrophage
•stressor; stress reaction

Question 19

The pervasiveness of stress is best illustrated by the fact that the most significant category of life-event stressors involves
•immune system failures.
•aerobic exercise.
•everyday annoyances.
•spontaneous remission.

Question 20

Following a catastrophic earthquake,residents of one community came together and provided each other with emotional support. This reaction best illustrates
•the alarm reaction.
•spontaneous remission.
•the tend-and-befriend response.
•the ABC program.

Question 21

In their classic nine-year study,Friedman and Rosenman reported that,compared with Type A men,Type B men were
•more susceptible to stomach ulcers.
•less susceptible to stomach ulcers.
•more susceptible to heart attacks.
•less susceptible to heart attacks.

Question 22

The greatest number of deaths in Africa today result from
•strokes.
•cancer.
•AIDS.
•malaria.

Question 23

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive,hard-driving,impatient,and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.
•problem-focused
•emotion-focused
•Type A
•Type B

Question 24

Who is the best example of a Type B personality?
•George,a self-confident,time-conscious mail carrier
•Wang Lung,a relaxed,easygoing dentist
•Henry,an irritable,impatient college professor
•Stasio,a fun-loving,hard-driving corporation president

Question 25

AIDS is caused by a ________ infection spread primarily through ________.
•viral; airborne molecules
•bacterial; airborne molecules
•viral; the exchange of bodily fluids
•bacterial; the exchange of bodily fluids

Question 26

The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the
•sympathetic nervous system.
•immune system.
•limbic system.
•parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 27

For Type A individuals,exposure to stress is especially likely to inhibit organs such as the ________ from removing cholesterol and fat from the blood.
•liver
•thyroid gland
•pancreas
•adrenal glands

Question 28

Lymphocytes are
•harmful agents such as chemicals and viruses that cross the placenta from mother to fetus.
•stress hormones produced by the sympathetic nervous system.
•cancer cells that form in the lymph glands.
•white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system.

Question 29

Bernard is an ambitious,highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist,and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his
•ambition.
•anger.
•perfectionism.
•competitiveness.

Question 30

A psychophysiological illness is
•any physical illness that produces a psychological disorder.
•a stress-related physical illness such as hypertension.
•a disease of the central nervous system.
•any psychological disorder that has a genetic component.

Question 31

B lymphocytes inhibit ________,whereas T lymphocytes inhibit ________.
•bacterial infections; viral infections
•heart attacks; strokes
•NK cells; cancer cells
•HIV; AIDS

Question 32

Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections?
•Stress hormones accelerate the "hardening" of the arteries.
•Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart.
•Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes.
•Stress hormones trigger the release of carcinogens.

Question 33

Andrea's physician has suggested that a program of relaxation training would provide the best treatment for her high blood pressure. The physician probably considers Andrea's hypertension to be a(n)________ illness.
•immune deficiency
•Type B
•psychophysiological
•respiratory

Question 34

Compared with men,women have ________ immune systems,and they are ________ susceptible to lupus and multiple sclerosis.
•stronger; less
•weaker; more
•stronger; more
•weaker; less

Question 35

Chronic anger ________ the risk of heart disease,and chronic depression ________ the risk of heart disease.
•increases; decreases
•increases; increases
•has no effect on; increases
•increases; has no effect on

Question 36

The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by
•spontaneous remission.
•a Type B personality.
•high blood pressure.
•oxytocin.

Question 37

Wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. These deaths are likely to result from a(n)
•decrease in the animals' production of lymphocytes.
•increase in the animals' production of oxytocin.
•decrease in the animals' production of norepinephrine.
•increase in the animals' production of serotonin.

Question 38

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?
•Valentin,a self-confident,intelligent journalist
•Kane,a relaxed,easygoing mail carrier
•Philip,a competitive,hot-tempered corporation president
•Thomas,an introverted,inhibited mental patient

Question 39

Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called
•stressors.
•endorphins.
•carcinogens.
•NK cells.

Question 40

Anger is the toxic core of
•problem-focused coping.
•the Type A personality.
•emotion-focused coping.
•the Type B personality.

Question 41

Vanessa alleviated some of the stress associated with the death of her husband by becoming more actively engaged in her work. Her response best illustrates
•a fight-or-flight reaction.
•mindfulness meditation.
•emotion-focused coping.
•a Type B personality.

Question 42

During the stressful first few weeks of law school,students were observed to have stronger immune systems if they
•lacked NK cells.
•were optimistic.
•had high blood sugar levels.
•utilized complementary and alternative medicine.

Question 43

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by
•stimulating the release of endorphins.
•accelerating the production of NK cells.
•inhibiting the production of lymphocytes.
•slowing the secretion of norepinephrine.

Question 44

Which of the following is most likely to foster stronger immune functioning?
•the-fight-or-flight response
•social support
•a Type A personality
•reduced lymphocyte levels

Question 45

Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the
•shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.
•shocks were quickly terminated by the experimenter.
•rats could control the termination of the shocks.
•shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.

Question 46

Despite the very stressful events in his life,Mark has been able to maintain good health. This is because of his persistent optimism and the emotional support of his family. An integrated understanding of Mark's well-being is most clearly provided by
•complementary and alternative medicine.
•a biopsychosocial approach.
•mind-body interventions.
•the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 47

Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack
•low blood pressure.
•alternative medicine.
•perceived control.
•Type A personalities.

Question 48

Whether a health care treatment is mainstream medicine or an alternative medicine depends on whether the treatment has been
•frequently used and is currently popular.
•administered by a licensed MD.
•scientifically validated as effective.
•used for diseases that are curable.

Question 49

Social support helps to promote cardiovascular health by
•lowering blood pressure.
•inhibiting macrophage activity.
•reducing the production of T lymphocytes.
•redistributing bloodflow from internal organs to skeletal muscles.

Question 50

To alleviate the stress of losing her job,Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates
•learned helplessness.
•a fight-or-flight reaction.
•problem-focused coping.
•a Type A profile.

Question 51

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as
•emotion-focused coping.
•homeopathy.
•problem-focused coping.
•spontaneous remission.

Question 52

Addressing stressors with problem-focused coping would be most characteristic of those who experience
•helplessness.
•personal control.
•a pessimistic outlook.
•a fight-or-flight reaction.

Question 53

Avoiding stress is LEAST likely to inhibit the progression of ________ in humans.
•bacterial infections
•viral infections
•coronary heart disease
•advanced cancer

Question 54

A loss of perceived control tends to result in
•low blood pressure.
•reduced immune responses.
•problem-focused coping.
•low blood sugar levels.

Question 55

Alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out the way he wants them to. This best illustrates the value of
•a Type A personality.
•spontaneous remission.
•optimism.
•the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 56

The natural disappearance of a disease is called
•spontaneous remission.
•the placebo effect.
•subjective well-being.
•the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 57

A perceived loss of control is associated with ________ epinephrine levels and ________ lymphocyte activity.
•increased; decreased
•decreased; increased
•increased; increased
•decreased; decreased

Question 58

One study of migraine headache patients found that the majority of those who received "sham acupuncture" enjoyed relief. The patients' pain relief is most likely attributable to
•a decrease in lymphocyte production.
•an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
•problem-focused coping.
•the placebo effect.

Question 59

Homeopathy and herbal remedies are forms of
•CAM.
•emotion-focused coping.
•aromatherapy.
•spontaneous remission.

Question 60

To alleviate the stress he feels after failing a college course,Jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. Jeremy's behavior best illustrates
•a Type A personality.
•a Type B personality.
•problem-focused coping.
•emotion-focused coping.

Question 61

The correlation between religious involvement and life expectancy best illustrates the health value of
•the general adaptation syndrome.
•stress appraisal.
•the Type A personality.
•the faith factor.

Question 62

During meditative relaxation,a part of the ________ lobe that tracks where we are in space is ________ active than usual.
•frontal; less
•parietal; less
•frontal; more
•parietal; more

Question 63

Mildly depressed female college students assigned to a program of ________ reported a greater decrease in depression than those assigned to a program of ________.
•problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
•catharsis; meditation
•aerobic exercise; relaxation exercises
•acupuncture; cognitive therapy

Question 64

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by
•resistance.
•exhaustion.
•an alarm reaction.
•low blood pressure.

Question 65

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to _______.
•epinephrine; norepinephrine
•obesity; cancer
•time-conscious; competitive
•irritable; calm

Question 66

Activities such as jogging or swimming are forms of
•stress appraisal.
•relaxation.
•aerobic exercise.
•spontaneous remission.

Question 67

One possible explanation for the longer life expectancy of religiously active people is that
•they respond to stress with higher blood pressure.
•they have Type A personalities.
•their sympathetic nervous system responds to stress with greater arousal.
•they receive more social support.

Question 68

There's a dramatic increase in the likelihood of a person becoming ill or dying during the year following the death of a spouse. Describe some of the specific biological and psychological processes that may contribute to this effect.

Question 69

Israelis living in nonreligious collective settlements were observed to have ________ than those living in religiously orthodox collective settlements.
•higher rates of death
•better emotion-focused coping skills
•higher lymphocyte levels
•better problem-focused coping skills

Question 70

Aerobic exercise is associated with
•increased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of the endorphins.
•decreased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins.
•increased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins.
•decreased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of the endorphins.

Question 71

Volunteers who participated in an eight-week course in mindfulness meditation exhibited increased levels of the ______ activity associated with positive emotions.
•left hemisphere
•right hemisphere
•somatic nervous system
•autonomic nervous system

Question 72

Aviad,a 50-year-old banking executive and Type A personality,recently suffered a serious heart attack. To prevent a recurrence,Aviad would probably benefit most from
•acupuncture therapies.
•early retirement.
•relaxation training.
•pain control medication.

Question 73

The relaxation response associated with meditation is most likely to
•decrease oxygen consumption and decrease blood pressure.
•increase oxygen consumption and increase blood pressure.
•increase oxygen consumption and decrease blood pressure.
•decrease oxygen consumption and increase blood pressure.

Question 74

Compared with the unmarried,married people are more likely to
•live longer.
•engage in stress appraisal.
•experience elevated blood sugar.
•display a general adaptation syndrome.

Question 75

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream.
•serotonin
•oxytocin
•lymphocytes
•epinephrine

Question 76

A classmate argues that "the best way to handle stress is to work harder and meet life's challenges head-on." Evaluate both the strengths and the weaknesses of your classmate's position in light of the distinction between coping with stress and managing stress.

Question 77

Aerobic exercise has been most closely linked to a decrease in
•lymphocyte production.
•depression.
•problem-focused coping.
•the production of endorphins.

Question 78

A U.S. National Health Interview Survey found that after controlling for age,sex,race,and region,the longest life expectancies were associated with those who attended religious services
•less than once a year.
•less than once a week.
•once a week.
•more than once a week.

Question 79

The correlation between religious involvement and longevity has been observed to be
•nonexistent when only men are considered.
•nonexistent when only women are considered.
•stronger when only men are considered than when only women are considered.
•stronger when only women are considered than when only men are considered.

Question 80

After stockbrokers who lived alone had adopted a pet cat or dog,they were able to face stress with less ________ than their counterparts without pets.
•blood pressure increase
•emotion-focused coping
•production of lymphocytes
•problem-focused coping