Deck 12: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity

Question 1

Research on the nonverbal expression of emotion indicates that
•the body movements and gestures used to express emotions are the same throughout the world.
•it is difficult to use nonverbal cues to mislead others about one's true emotions.
•introverts are better than extraverts at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotion in others.
•accurately identifying emotional facial expressions in people from different cultures requires personal experience with those cultures.

Answer 1

•introverts are better than extraverts at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotion in others

Question 2

In which country are people most likely to convey visible facial expressions of their inner feelings?
•China
•Australia
•Japan
•India

Answer 2

•Australia

Question 3

When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger,________ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.
•socially extraverted
•physically abused
•academically successful
•athletically skilled

Answer 3

•physically abused

Question 4

The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion serves to support the
•catharsis hypothesis.
•Cannon-Bard theory.
•James-Lange theory.
•adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 5

Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate
•the feel-good,do-good phenomenon.
•the catharsis of aggressive feelings.
•parasympathetic nervous system activity.
•empathy.

Question 6

Research on nonverbal communication indicates that
•very young children's facial expressions of emotion are difficult to interpret.
•children learn the facial expressions associated with emotion by observing adults.
•blind children who have never observed others demonstrate normal facial expressions of emotion.
•boys are better than girls at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotion.

Question 7

People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to
•the way they categorize basic emotions such as fear and anger.
•their facial expressions of different emotions such as sadness or surprise.
•the specific states of physiological arousal associated with their feelings of happiness or disgust.
•how they interpret hand gestures such as the "thumbs up" signal.

Question 8

People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails because they underestimate the importance of ________ in communication.
•relative deprivation
•the spillover effect
•nonverbal cues
•the adaptation-level phenomenon

Question 9

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates the
•evolutionary perspective.
•relative deprivation principle.
•two-factor theory.
•adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 10

Repeatedly saying the word "me" puts people in a better mood than repeatedly saying "you." This best illustrates the
•catharsis hypothesis.
•feel-good,do-good phenomenon.
•adaptation-level phenomenon.
•facial feedback effect.

Question 11

Men and women students watched film clips that were sad,happy,or frightening. Measures taken during their viewing of the films showed that the genders differed the most in their
•self-reported emotions.
•changes in heart rate.
•facial expressions of emotion.
•changes in respiration.

Question 12

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of
•anger.
•surprise.
•happiness.
•boredom.

Question 13

The fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a similar manner best illustrates the impact of
•human genetic similarities.
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.
•the catharsis hypothesis.
•empathy.

Question 14

If a gender-neutral face is made to look angry,most people perceive it as ________. If asked to imagine an angry face,most identify it as ________.
•male; female
•female; male
•male; male
•female; female

Question 15

Researchers attempt to understand emotions using biological,psychological,and social-cultural levels of analysis. The psychological level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize the importance of
•arousal.
•cognitive labeling.
•facial expressiveness.
•evolutionary adaptiveness.

Question 16

Compared with males,females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone in distress. This best illustrates
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.
•emotion reflexes.
•relative deprivation.
•empathy.

Question 17

Compared with men,women are ________ effective in discerning whether a male-female couple are romantically involved,and they are ________ effective in discerning which of two people in a photo is the other's supervisor.
•more; less
•less; more
•more; more
•less; less

Question 18

People experience a mood shift when they switch from taking short shuffling steps to taking long strides and swinging their arms by their sides. This best illustrates
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.
•evolutionary adaptiveness.
•the behavior feedback phenomenon.
•the feel-good,do good phenomenon.

Question 19

In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion
•introverts do better than extraverts and women do better than men.
•introverts do worse than extraverts and women do better than men.
•introverts do better than extraverts and women do worse than men.
•introverts do worse than extraverts and women do worse than men.

Question 20

Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's
•eyes.
•lips.
•hand gestures.
•body postures.

Question 21

The feel-good,do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they
•are more willing to help others.
•make decisions more effectively.
•experience a more positive self-image.
•report greater satisfaction with their whole lives.

Question 22

Ten distinct and basic emotions were identified by
•William James.
•Charles Darwin.
•Stanley Schachter.
•Carroll Izard.

Question 23

Which of the following best explains why,for those who are not poor,more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness?
•the James-Lange theory
•the catharsis hypothesis
•the adaptation-level phenomenon
•the do-good,feel-good phenomenon

Question 24

Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will
•calm their emotions and reduce their anger.
•lead them to perceive their employer's actions as unavoidable.
•rechannel their anger into constructive motivation.
•increase their hostility.

Question 25

The loss of an arm in an automobile accident is likely to ________ a person's long-term feelings of life satisfaction. Winning a million-dollar casino jackpot is likely to ________ a person's long-term feelings of life satisfaction.
•decrease; have little effect on
•decrease; increase
•have little effect on; increase
•have little effect on; have little effect on

Question 26

Mentally rehearsing forgiveness contributes to ________ perspiration levels and ________ blood pressure levels than mentally rehearsing resentments.
•lower; lower
•higher; higher
•lower; higher
•higher; lower

Question 27

The term catharsis refers to emotional
•disturbance.
•inhibition.
•release.
•adaptation.

Question 28

During the last four decades,the buying power of Americans has ________ and their self-reported personal happiness has ________.
•remained almost unchanged; decreased
•increased; remained almost unchanged
•remained almost unchanged; increased
•remained almost unchanged; remained almost unchanged

Question 29

People are likely to experience higher levels of ________ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power.
•relative deprivation
•facial feedback
•subjective well-being
•adaptation

Question 30

After receiving very bad news,people ________ the duration of their negative emotions.
•overestimate
•accurately estimate
•slightly underestimate
•radically underestimate

Question 31

Charles Darwin's suggestion that violent gestures increase one's anger is most inconsistent with the
•James-Lange theory.
•adaptation-level phenomenon.
•catharsis hypothesis.
•relative deprivation principle.

Question 32

A friend's misdeed is especially likely to trigger feelings of anger if the misdeed is perceived as
•a spontaneous remission.
•adaptive.
•cathartic.
•willful.

Question 33

Subjective well-being refers to
•empathy.
•relative deprivation.
•self-perceived happiness.
•physiological arousal.

Question 34

A psychotherapist suggests that Theresa can effectively reduce the anger she feels toward her ex-boyfriend by tearing pictures of him into little pieces. This therapeutic technique is based on the
•catharsis hypothesis.
•adaptation-level phenomenon.
•James-Lange theory.
•two-factor theory.

Question 35

According to the catharsis hypothesis,retaliating against someone who provokes us can calm us down because retaliation
•relieves aggressive urges.
•reduces spontaneous remission.
•promotes behavior feedback.
•enhances subjective well-being.

Question 36

People's moment-to-moment positive moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day and their moment-to-moment negative moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day.
•later; earlier
•middle; later
•later; middle
•early; middle

Question 37

Jed wants his roommate Dante to help him study for a physics test. Dante is most likely to want to help after he has
•helped some friends repair a flat tire on their car.
•received an A on his psychology test.
•heard that a friend was involved in an automobile accident.
•been caught cheating on a math test.

Question 38

Rosaria is upset with her husband for not putting his dirty clothes in the laundry basket. Anger experts would most likely recommend that she deal with her frustration by saying to him
•"I'm not your mother. Take some responsibility."
•"From now on I'm going to leave my dirty clothes around for you to pick up."
•"It annoys me that you leave your dirty clothes for me to pick up."
•"I refuse to make dinner until you do the laundry."

Question 39

Which of the following children is most likely to calm down emotionally shortly after venting his anger?
•Jack,who attacks his intimidating older brother for spitting at him
•Jeremiah,who attacks his irritating younger brother for spitting at him
•Jed,who attacks his friendly older brother for no good reason at all
•Jason,who attacks his playful younger brother for no good reason at all

Question 40

Within most countries,individuals with lots of money are ________ than those with very little money. This is especially true in ________ countries.
•happier; poor
•happier; wealthy
•less happy; poor
•less happy; wealthy

Question 41

Feigned smiles are initiated ________ abruptly and last for a ________ time than genuine smiles.
•more; shorter
•less; longer
•more; longer
•less; shorter

Question 42

During World War II,promotion rates in the U.S. Air Corps were so rapid for the group as a whole that many individual soldiers in this military branch were unhappy about the speed at which they were promoted. Their unhappiness is best explained in terms of
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.
•relative deprivation.
•the two-factor theory.
•the catharsis hypothesis.

Question 43

Winston has a very negative academic self-concept because most of his classmates are more academically advanced than he is. Winston's experience best illustrates
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.
•the two-factor theory.
•relative deprivation.
•the James-Lange theory.

Question 44

Luciano believes that the best way to get over the anger he feels toward his high school teacher is to scream shameful profanities while hitting a punching bag. His belief best illustrates
•relative deprivation.
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.
•the catharsis hypothesis.
•the behavior feedback effect.

Question 45

Rannilt was euphoric after learning that she had been accepted by the medical school of her choice. After a few weeks,however,she is only mildly excited when she thinks about her admission to medical school. This change in her feelings can best be explained in terms of
•the catharsis hypothesis.
•relative deprivation.
•the feel-good,do-good phenomenon.
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 46

If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion,you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of
•the catharsis hypothesis.
•relative deprivation.
•the James-Lange theory.
•the feel-good,do-good phenomenon.

Question 47

Jim,a 42-year-old engineer,is unhappy about his yearly salary,although it is the highest salary he has ever earned. His wife,Carla,suggests that he vividly recall how little he earned at the age of 32. She also recommends that he watch a TV program about famine victims in Africa.

Question 48

Logan is an unsuccessful businessman who feels little satisfaction with life. To increase his subjective well-being,Logan should
•imagine what his own life might be like if he became rich and famous.
•compare himself with friends who became rich and successful.
•recall past moments when his life was much more pleasant than it is now.
•imagine what his life might be like if he were suffering from a fatal disease.

Question 49

Andrea is furious because her steady boyfriend spent half an hour talking with his former girlfriend at last night's school dance. A friend suggests that Andrea ought to get the anger out of her system by repeatedly pounding her pillow while she imagines that she is hitting her boyfriend. Explain why this might be an ineffective way for Andrea to reduce her anger. Suggest better ways.

Question 50

Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by
•genetics.
•previous experiences.
•physiological arousal.
•others' attainments.

Question 51

If people wrinkle their noses in disgust when presented with a strange-looking food,they are likely to experience an increasingly intense emotional aversion to the food. This best illustrates the
•Cannon-Bard theory.
•relative deprivation principle.
•feel-good,do-good phenomenon.
•facial feedback effect.

Question 52

A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people
•sleep well.
•are well educated.
•have a happy marriage.
•have a meaningful religious faith.

Question 53

Professor Crane was ecstatic when he learned that his research study had been approved for publication. His feelings of joy quickly dissipated,however,when he heard a colleague recently had three different research articles accepted for publication. His declining emotional satisfaction is best explained in terms of
•the facial feedback effect.
•relative deprivation.
•the James-Lange theory.
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 54

The adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the
•perception that one is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself.
•tendency for standards of judgment to be heavily influenced by previous experiences.
•tendency for emotional release to reduce levels of physiological arousal.
•tendency for evolution to favor organisms that adapt best to the environment.

Question 55

Haley's parents bought her a used bicycle for her birthday. She was thrilled until she learned that her best friend received a brand new bicycle for her birthday. Haley's declining satisfaction illustrates
•relative deprivation.
•the adaptation-level phenomenon.
•the catharsis hypothesis.
•the facial feedback effect.

Question 56

One way for people to improve their own subjective well-being is to
•focus more attention on themselves.
•participate in regular aerobic exercise.
•overestimate how much they can accomplish.
•do all of these things.

Question 57

After receiving exciting news about the birth of a healthy grandson,Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates the
•two-factor theory.
•adaptation-level phenomenon.
•James-Lange theory.
•feel-good,do-good phenomenon.

Question 58

Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction?
•being well educated
•having children
•having a meaningful religious faith
•being physically attractive

Question 59

The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through
•hand gestures.
•body postures.
•facial expressions.
•tone of voice.

Question 60

We find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are
•afraid.
•angry.
•lying.
•disgusted.

Question 61

Research on nonverbal communication has revealed that
•it is easy to hide your emotions by controlling your facial expressions.
•facial expressions tend to be the same the world over,while gestures vary from culture to culture.
•most authentic expressions last between 7 and 10 seconds.
•most gestures have universal meanings; facial expressions vary from culture to culture.

Question 62

Research suggests that people generally experience the greatest well-being when they strive for
•wealth.
•modest income increases from year to year.
•slightly higher status than their friends,neighbors,and co-workers.
•intimacy and personal growth.

Question 63

In cultures that emphasize social interdependence
•emotional displays are typically intense.
•emotional displays are typically prolonged.
•personal emotions are displayed less visibly.
•all of these behaviors occur.

Question 64

I am an emotionally literate person who is very accurate at reading others' nonverbal behavior and describing my feelings. Who am I?
•an introvert
•an extravert
•a woman
•a man

Question 65

Catharsis will be most effective in reducing anger toward another person if
•you wait until you are no longer angry before confronting the person.
•the target of your anger is someone you feel has power over you.
•your anger is directed specifically toward the person who angered you.
•the other person is able to retaliate by also expressing anger.

Question 66

As elderly Mr. Hooper crosses the busy intersection,he stumbles and drops the packages he is carrying. Which passerby is most likely to help Mr. Hooper?
•Drew,who has been laid off from work for three months
•Leon,who is on his way to work
•Bonnie,who earned her doctoral degree the day before
•Nancy,whose father recently passed away

Question 67

Expressing anger can be adaptive when you
•retaliate immediately.
•have mentally rehearsed all the reasons for your anger.
•count to 10,then blow off steam.
•first wait until the anger subsides,then deal with the situation in a civil manner.

Question 68

Concerning the catharsis hypothesis,which of the following is true?
•Expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave one feeling guilty or anxious.
•The arousal that accompanies unexpressed anger never dissipates.
•Expressing one's anger always calms one down.
•Psychologists agree that under no circumstances is catharsis beneficial.

Question 69

Children in New York,Nigeria,and New Zealand smile when they are happy and frown when they are sad. This suggests that
•the Cannon-Bard theory is correct.
•some emotional expressions are learned at a very early age.
•the two-factor theory is correct.
•facial expressions of emotion are universal and biologically determined.

Question 70

Which of the following is true regarding gestures and facial expressions?
•Gestures are universal; facial expressions,culture-specific.
•Facial expressions are universal; gestures,culture-specific.
•Both gestures and facial expressions are universal.
•Both gestures and facial expressions are culture-specific.

Question 71

The candidate stepped before the hostile audience,panic written all over his face. It is likely that the candidate's facial expression caused him to experience
•a lessening of his fear.
•an intensification of his fear.
•a surge of digestive enzymes in his body.
•increased body temperature.

Question 72

Izard believes that there are ________ basic emotions.
•3
•5
•7
•10

Question 73

With regard to emotions,Darwin believed that
•the expression of emotions helped our ancestors to survive.
•all humans express basic emotions using similar facial expressions.
•human facial expressions of emotion retain elements of animals' emotional displays.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 74

A graph depicting the course of positive emotions over the hours of the day since waking would
•start low and rise steadily until bedtime.
•start high and decrease steadily until bedtime.
•remain at a stable,moderate level throughout the day.
•rise over the early hours and fall during the day's last several hours.

Question 75

Who is the LEAST likely to display personal emotions openly?
•Paul,a game warden in Australia
•Niles,a stockbroker in Belgium
•Deborah,a physicist in Toronto
•Yoko,a dentist in Japan

Question 76

Research indicates that a person is most likely to be helpful to others if he or she
•is feeling guilty about something.
•is happy.
•recently received help from another person.
•recently offered help to another person.

Question 77

A television producer believes that violent TV programs provide viewers an opportunity to reduce their own anger through fantasy. The producer appears to accept the
•James-Lange theory.
•facial feedback effect.
•relative deprivation principle.
•catharsis hypothesis.

Question 78

Jane was so mad at her brother that she exploded at him when he entered her room. That she felt less angry afterward is best explained by the principle of
•adaptation level.
•physiological arousal.
•relative deprivation.
•catharsis.

Question 79

When he asked people how they handled anger,James Averill found that they often recalled
•reacting hurtfully.
•walking away from the situation.
•reacting assertively.
•internalizing the anger.

Question 80

A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success,she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of the
•catharsis hypothesis.
•James-Lange theory.
•two-factor theory.
•adaptation-level phenomenon.