Deck 1: Doing Social Psychology

Question 1

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance,Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of
•neuroscience and cognition.
•nature and nurture.
•behavior and mental processes.
•conscious and unconscious thoughts.

Answer 1

•nature and nurture

Question 2

Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations,images,and feelings is called
•cognitive neuroscience.
•introspection.
•behaviorism.
•humanism.

Answer 2

•introspection

Question 3

In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits,nature is to nurture as
•Plato is to Aristotle.
•Watson is to Skinner.
•Aristotle is to Plato.
•Skinner is to Watson.

Answer 3

•Plato is to Aristotle

Question 4

Behaviorists dismissed the value of
•science.
•introspection.
•spaced practice.
•observation.

Question 5

The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and
•economics.
•biology.
•geography.
•sociology.

Question 6

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
•Jean Piaget
•Margaret Floy Washburn
•Rosalie Rayner
•Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 7

Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.
•observation; introspection
•psychology; psychiatry
•nature; nurture
•behavior; mental processes

Question 8

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of
•animal intelligence.
•personality development.
•learning and memory.
•reactions to sensory stimulation.

Question 9

Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.
•evolution; natural selection
•behavior; mental process
•conscious; unconscious
•nurture; nature

Question 10

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
•childhood memories.
•genetic predispositions.
•unconscious thought processes.
•potential for healthy growth.

Question 11

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as
•behaviorism.
•cognitive neuroscience.
•humanistic psychology.
•positive psychology.

Question 12

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of
•conscious and unconscious mental activity.
•observable responses to the environment.
•behavior and mental processes.
•maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

Question 13

In its early years,psychology focused on the study of ________,but from the 1920s into the 1960s,American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.
•environmental influences; hereditary influences
•maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior
•unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings
•mental life; observable behavior

Question 14

The personality theorist,Sigmund Freud,was an Austrian
•chemist.
•physician.
•theologian.
•politician.

Question 15

Plato's assumption that certain ideas are inborn is most directly relevant to the controversy over the relative contributions of
•conscious and unconscious thoughts.
•observation and introspection.
•nature and nurture.
•basic and applied research.

Question 16

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding
•basic and applied research.
•conscious and unconscious thought.
•observation and introspection.
•nature and nurture.

Question 17

In the early 1960s,the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
•mental processes.
•hereditary influences.
•unconscious motives.
•learned behaviors.

Question 18

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
•natural selection and genetic predispositions.
•childhood memories and psychological disorders.
•thought processes and brain functions.
•philosophy and physiology.

Question 19

John Watson is to Wilhelm Wundt as ________ is to ________.
•biology; environment
•observable behavior; inner sensations
•mental illness; psychiatry
•cognitive perspective; psychoanalytic perspective

Question 20

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
•Wundt
•Watson
•Freud
•James

Question 21

Complementary accounts of the same behavior that can supplement one another represent different
•cognitive functions.
•unconscious motives.
•levels of analysis.
•scientific attitudes.

Question 22

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a( n)________ perspective.
•evolutionary
•behavioral
•psychodynamic
•behavior genetics

Question 23

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of
•SQ3R.
•introspection.
•humanistic psychology.
•multiple levels of analysis.

Question 24

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n)________ perspective.
•behavior genetics
•social-cultural
•neuroscience
•evolutionary

Question 25

The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by
•environmental circumstances.
•blood chemistry.
•unconscious conflicts.
•subjective interpretations.

Question 26

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
•behavioral
•cognitive
•neuroscience
•behavior genetics

Question 27

The various perspectives employed by psychologists
•have little value for applied research.
•typically contradict common sense.
•are generally impossible to test scientifically.
•often complement one another.

Question 28

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how
•feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.
•people try to understand their own unconscious motives.
•behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.
•people encode,process,store,and retrieve information.

Question 29

Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
•evolutionary
•behavioral
•psychodynamic
•neuroscience

Question 30

Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on homosexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.
•behavior genetics
•psychodynamic
•behavioral
•cognitive

Question 31

Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.
•neuroscience
•psychodynamic
•behavior genetics
•cognitive

Question 32

Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.
•behavior genetics
•neuroscience
•psychodynamic
•behavioral

Question 33

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
•natural selection.
•brain chemistry.
•unconscious conflicts.
•learned behaviors.

Question 34

Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires
•introspection.
•psychoanalysis.
•massed practice.
•a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 35

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
•evolutionary
•neuroscience
•behavioral
•behavior genetics

Question 36

Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic groups?
•evolutionary
•psychodynamic
•social-cultural
•neuroscience

Question 37

Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences?
•cognitive
•behavior genetics
•social-cultural
•psychodynamic

Question 38

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.
•social-cultural
•cognitive
•evolutionary
•psychodynamic

Question 39

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?
•cognitive
•behavioral
•evolutionary
•social-cultural

Question 40

Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?
•cognitive
•behavioral
•neuroscience
•behavior genetics

Question 41

For no apparent reason,Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. Adam would benefit from talking to a(n)________ psychologist.
•industrial-organizational
•clinical
•cognitive
•biological

Question 42

To study inner sensations,images,and feelings,Wilhelm Wundt used a research tool known as
•psychoanalysis.
•introspection.
•behavior genetics.
•spaced practice.

Question 43

In answering multiple-choice test items,smart test-takers are best advised to
•check off as correct the first answer they read that seems to be right.
•avoid guessing the answer on any items that do not appear to have a correct answer.
•carefully imagine how each of the alternative answers might be correct.
•recall the correct answer to each question before reading the alternative answers.

Question 44

Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the effect of spaced practice on long-term memory of information?
•psychodynamic
•social-cultural
•cognitive
•behavior genetics

Question 45

The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of
•massed practice.
•rote memory.
•reviewing material.
•role modeling.

Question 46

Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n)________ psychologist.
•social
•clinical
•developmental
•industrial-organizational

Question 47

Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?
•social psychology
•clinical psychology
•biological psychology
•industrial-organizational psychology

Question 48

Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no interest in learning,often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting the class by throwing objects at other students. Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might provide both an integrated explanation of Jack's classroom behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope more effectively with the challenges he faces.

Question 49

Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people. Use your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities for psychologists.

Question 50

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
•clinical psychologist.
•social psychologist.
•developmental psychologist.
•psychiatrist.

Question 51

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?
•cognitive psychology
•social psychology
•developmental psychology
•clinical psychology

Question 52

Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in applied research?
•industrial-organizational psychologists
•developmental psychologists
•social psychologists
•biological psychologists

Question 53

An integrated explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience,cognitive,social-cultural,and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by
•SQ3R.
•behaviorism.
•a psychodynamic perspective.
•a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 54

Dr. Vazquez helps people to make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a
•biological psychologist.
•counseling psychologist.
•cognitive psychologist.
•social psychologist.

Question 55

Clinical psychologists specialize in
•constructing surveys.
•animal research.
•providing therapy to troubled people.
•providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.

Question 56

Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist.
•cognitive
•biological
•clinical
•social

Question 57

Debates as to whether alcohol abuse is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of
•nature versus nurture.
•observation versus introspection.
•behavior versus mental processes.
•conscious versus unconscious motives.

Question 58

Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.
•behavioral
•cognitive
•evolutionary
•psychodynamic

Question 59

Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n)________ psychologist.
•clinical
•developmental
•cognitive
•industrial-organizational

Question 60

Compared with Wilhelm Wundt,early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of
•smiling.
•screaming.
•fighting.
•thinking.

Question 61

Who wrote an important psychology textbook?
•Wilhelm Wundt
•Ivan Pavlov
•Jean Piaget
•William James

Question 62

Professor Gutierrez,who believes that human emotions are best understood as being jointly determined by heredity,learning,and the individual's social and cultural contexts,is evidently a proponent of the
•psychodynamic perspective.
•biopsychosocial approach.
•evolutionary perspective.
•neuroscience perspective.

Question 63

In its earliest days,psychology was defined as the
•science of mental life.
•study of conscious and unconscious activity.
•science of observable behavior.
•science of behavior and mental processes.

Question 64

Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental processes." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this definition?
•science of
•behavior and
•and mental processes
•Wundt would have agreed with the definition as stated.

Question 65

Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory,perception,and other thought processes are called
•humanistic psychologists.
•psychiatrists.
•clinical psychologists.
•cognitive neuroscientists.

Question 66

Focusing on the extent to which behavior is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective.
•neuroscience
•behavioral
•psychodynamic
•social-cultural

Question 67

Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy and prescribes drugs to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a
•social psychologist.
•developmental psychologist.
•psychiatrist.
•cognitive psychologist.

Question 68

In psychology,behavior is best defined as
•anything a person says,does,or feels.
•any action we can observe and record.
•any action,whether observable or not.
•anything we can infer from a person's actions.

Question 69

The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year________.
•Wundt; 1879
•James; 1890
•Freud; 1900
•Watson; 1913

Question 70

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with
•cognitive psychology.
•behaviorism.
•psychodynamic theory.
•humanistic psychology.

Question 71

Today,psychology is defined as the
•science of mental phenomena.
•science of conscious and unconscious activity.
•science of behavior.
•science of behavior and mental processes.

Question 72

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement,"Psychology is the science of mental life"?
•Wilhelm Wundt
•John Watson
•Ivan Pavlov
•virtually any American psychologist during the 1960s

Question 73

In defining psychology,the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a
•way of asking and answering questions.
•field engaged in solving applied problems.
•set of findings related to behavior and mental processes.
•nonscientific approach to the study of mental disorders.

Question 74

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?
•the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior
•the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior
•the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior
•the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study

Question 75

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?
•behavioral
•cognitive
•psychodynamic
•neuroscience

Question 76

Dharma's term paper on the history of American psychology notes that
•psychology began as the science of mental life.
•from the 1920s into the 1960s,psychology was defined as the scientific study of observable behavior.
•contemporary psychologists study both overt behavior and covert thoughts.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 77

In concluding her report on the "nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology," Karen notes that
•most psychologists believe that nature is a more important influence on the development of most human traits.
•most psychologists believe that nurture is more influential.
•the issue is more heatedly debated than ever before.
•nurture works on what nature endows.

Question 78

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of
•philosophy and chemistry.
•physiology and chemistry.
•philosophy and biology.
•philosophy and physics.

Question 79

SQ3R is an acronym for an effective
•neuroscience perspective.
•study method.
•biopsychosocial approach.
•form of psychotherapy.

Question 80

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was
•Aristotle.
•Plato.
•Piaget.
•Simonides.