Deck 29: Blessed Are the Peacemakers

Question 1

Maturation is to education as ________ is to ________.
•accommodation; assimilation
•nature; nurture
•imprinting; critical period
•environment; learning

Answer 1

•nature; nurture

Question 2

Maturation refers to
•the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
•biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
•any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development.
•cognitive development during the preoperational stage.

Answer 2

•biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience

Question 3

The concept of maturation is most relevant to understanding the absence of
•secure attachments among infants.
•bladder control among 12-month-olds.
•self-esteem among kindergarten students.
•moral behavior among toddlers.

Answer 3

•bladder control among 12-month-olds

Question 4

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.
•conservation; egocentrism
•imprinting; maturation
•sensorimotor stage; preoperational stage
•assimilation; accommodation

Question 5

Mr. and Mrs. Batson can't wait to begin toilet training their year-old daughter. The Batsons most clearly need to be informed about the importance of
•imprinting.
•infant memory.
•maturation.
•object permanence.

Question 6

Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of
•imprinting.
•assimilation.
•accommodation.
•attachment.

Question 7

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called
•egocentrism.
•assimilation.
•imprinting.
•accommodation.

Question 8

Cognition refers to
•an emotional tie linking one person with another.
•the mental activities associated with thinking,knowing,remembering,and communicating.
•any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
•any process of change that accompanies maturation.

Question 9

The association areas are the last cortical areas to fully develop their
•schemas.
•pruning.
•neural networks.
•egocentrism.

Question 10

The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute,she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of
•assimilation.
•conservation.
•accommodation.
•maturation.

Question 11

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
•preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor
•sensorimotor,preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational
•sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational
•preoperational,sensorimotor,concrete operational,formal operational

Question 12

Horace,the youngest child of a high school athletic director,was able to roll over at 3 months,crawl at 6 months,and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to
•authoritarian parenting.
•maturation.
•responsive parenting.
•imprinting.

Question 13

Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ________ of the major developmental milestones.
•both the sequence and the age-related timing
•the sequence but not the age-related timing
•the age-related timing but not the sequence
•neither the sequence nor the age-related timing

Question 14

According to Piaget,schemas are
•fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages.
•optimal periods for forming secure attachments.
•people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.
•problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage.

Question 15

From ages 3 to 6,the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the
•frontal lobes.
•hypothalamus.
•cerebellum.
•brainstem.

Question 16

Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that
•the trauma of birth interfered with the subsequent formation of memories.
•most brain cells do not yet exist at the time of birth.
•experiences shortly after birth are a meaningless blur of darkness and light.
•she lacked language skills for organizing her early life experiences.

Question 17

Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child
•is like a blank slate at birth.
•is not heavily influenced by maturation.
•develops through a series of stages.
•is heavily dependent on the child's personality.

Question 18

The relative lack of neural interconnections in the association areas at the time of birth is most likely to contribute to
•infantile amnesia.
•conservation.
•insecure attachment.
•stranger anxiety.

Question 19

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?
•Konrad Lorenz
•Jean Piaget
•Sigmund Freud
•Erik Erikson

Question 20

According to Piaget,accommodation refers to
•parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
•incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
•developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.
•adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.

Question 21

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.
•preoperational
•concrete operational
•sensorimotor
•formal operational

Question 22

Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn
•stranger anxiety.
•resilience.
•infantile amnesia.
•male systemizing tendency.

Question 23

When people with autism watch another person's hand movements,they display less ________ than most others.
•infantile amnesia
•egocentrism
•mirror neuron activity
•stranger anxiety

Question 24

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
•accommodation.
•object permanence.
•conservation.
•egocentrism.

Question 25

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a
•secure attachment.
•sense of object permanence.
•theory of mind.
•concept of conservation.

Question 26

Psychologists David Premack and Guy Woodruff described chimpanzees' seeming ability to read intentions as indicative of
•imprinting.
•a theory of mind.
•object permanence.
•stranger anxiety.

Question 27

Infants less than 6 months old look longer than usual at unexpected events such as an object magically disappearing. This suggests that Piaget
•overestimated the continuity of cognitive development.
•underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants.
•overestimated the impact of culture on infant intelligence.
•underestimated the impact of object permanence on infant attachment.

Question 28

According to Piaget,children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage.
•sensorimotor
•preoperational
•concrete operational
•formal operational

Question 29

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of
•object permanence.
•conservation.
•egocentrism.
•accommodation.

Question 30

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation,they are unable to
•deal with the discipline of toilet training.
•see things from the point of view of another person.
•recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
•retain earlier schemas when confronted by new experiences.

Question 31

According to Piaget,egocentrism is to conservation as the ________ stage is to the ________ stage.
•concrete operational; preoperational
•sensorimotor; preoperational
•concrete operational; formal operational
•preoperational; concrete operational

Question 32

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?
•sensorimotor
•preoperational
•concrete operational
•formal operational

Question 33

According to Piaget,egocentrism refers to
•a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation,as evidenced in thumb sucking.
•young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
•the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
•the difficulty realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Question 34

According to Piaget,a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.
•concrete operational
•sensorimotor
•formal operational
•preoperational

Question 35

According to Piaget,the ability to think logically about events first develops during the ________ stage.
•sensorimotor
•formal operational
•concrete operational
•preoperational

Question 36

When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket,he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage.
•sensorimotor
•formal operational
•concrete operational
•preoperational

Question 37

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with
•the concept of conservation.
•concrete operational thought.
•infantile amnesia.
•autism.

Question 38

Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n)
•sense of object permanence.
•insecure attachment.
•concept of conservation.
•theory of mind.

Question 39

One variation in the autism spectrum is characterized by normal intelligence,often accompanied by exceptional skill in a particular area,but deficient social and communication skills. This disorder is called
•egocentrism.
•infantile amnesia.
•social deprivation.
•Asperger syndrome.

Question 40

The egocentrism of preschoolers was most strongly emphasized by
•the Harlows' attachment theory.
•Lorenz's imprinting.
•Piaget's cognitive development theory.
•Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

Question 41

Four-year-olds are not completely egocentric and 5-year-olds can exhibit some understanding of conservation. This indicates that Piaget may have underestimated the
•importance of critical periods in early life.
•role of motivation in cognitive development.
•continuity of cognitive development.
•importance of early attachment experiences.

Question 42

Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with
•adequate nourishment.
•body contact.
•the opportunity to explore.
•self-esteem.

Question 43

Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
•conservation.
•attachment.
•egocentrism.
•authoritarian parenting.

Question 44

According to Piaget,during the formal operational stage people begin to
•reason abstractly.
•adhere to social norms.
•distinguish between good and bad behaviors.
•become aware of the positive and negative consequences of their own behaviors.

Question 45

The process of imprinting involves the formation of a(n)
•attachment.
•accommodation.
•theory of mind.
•schema.

Question 46

To assess attachment differences among infants,Mary Ainsworth placed them in a laboratory setting called a
•formal operational stage.
•rite of passage.
•strange situation.
•schema.

Question 47

Vygotsky suggested that new words provide a temporary ________ from which children can step to higher levels of thinking.
•preoperational stage
•neural network
•critical period
•scaffold

Question 48

Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during its first few hours of life. Carol should be told that
•human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment.
•physical contact with her infant immediately after birth would not contribute to the development of mother-infant attachment.
•infants should be left physically undisturbed during the first few hours of life so they can rest.
•as long as she can breast-feed her baby,no lasting damage will be done.

Question 49

A critical period is a phase during which
•children frequently disobey and resist their parents.
•children become able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly.
•parents frequently show impatience with a child's slowness in becoming toilet trained.
•certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.

Question 50

One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates
•accommodation.
•secure attachment.
•conservation.
•egocentrism.

Question 51

Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to
•conservation.
•stranger anxiety.
•object permanence.
•secure attachment.

Question 52

The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called
•attachment.
•accommodation.
•assimilation.
•conservation.

Question 53

According to Piaget,a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ________ stage.
•preoperational
•concrete operational
•formal operational
•sensorimotor

Question 54

Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church,and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of
•egocentrism.
•infantile amnesia.
•conservation.
•insecure attachment.

Question 55

At about 8 months,children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates
•assimilation.
•insecure attachment.
•egocentrism.
•stranger anxiety.

Question 56

Unlike ducklings,children do not imprint. Their fondness for certain people,however,is fostered by
•conservation.
•egocentrism.
•mere exposure.
•infantile amnesia.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
•A 2-year-old poodle approaches a stranger who calls it.
•A 4-year-old boy imitates aggression he sees on television.
•A duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball.
•A 3-year-old girl is simultaneously learning two different languages.

Question 58

Infants develop a fear of strangers at about 8 months of age because they can't assimilate unfamiliar faces into their
•schemas.
•attachments.
•theory of mind.
•self-concept.

Question 59

Lilianne is beginning to develop a fear of strangers and will reach for her mother when she sees someone who is unfamiliar. It is likely that Lilianne has also just
•mastered the principle of conservation.
•overcome the limitation of egocentrism.
•developed a sense of object permanence.
•lost her sense of secure attachment.

Question 60

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room,little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of
•conservation.
•egocentrism.
•insecure attachment.
•accommodation.

Question 61

Compared with authoritarian parents,authoritative parents are likely to be
•more conservative.
•less educated.
•more responsive.
•less trusting.

Question 62

Many researchers believe that adult styles of romantic love correspond with childhood patterns of
•accommodation.
•attachment.
•conservation.
•object permanence.

Question 63

Which of the following factors contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers?
•object permanence
•responsive parenting
•stranger anxiety
•authoritarian discipline

Question 64

In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting,infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to
•act as though their mothers are of little importance to them.
•use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings.
•cling to their mothers and ignore the new surroundings.
•show hostility when their mothers approach them after a brief absence.

Question 65

A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is most likely to encourage
•conservation.
•insecure attachment.
•object permanence.
•egocentrism.

Question 66

Two characteristics of authoritarian parents are that they
•expect obedience but are responsive to their children's needs.
•submit to their children's desires but are unresponsive in times of need.
•impose rules and expect obedience.
•exert control by setting rules and explaining the reasons for those rules.

Question 67

Edith abuses both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters. Her behavior is most likely related to a lack of
•childhood experience with younger brothers and sisters.
•maturation.
•an early and secure attachment to her own parents.
•formal operational intelligence.

Question 68

Harlow observed that most monkeys raised in total isolation
•were totally apathetic and indifferent to the first monkeys they encountered.
•were incapable of mating upon reaching sexual maturity.
•showed slower social development but more rapid cognitive development.
•showed no lasting adverse effects when placed in a socially enriched environment.

Question 69

Marlys is a sensitive,responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara,her infant daughter. According to Erikson,Sara is likely to
•form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world.
•encounter some difficulty in overcoming the limitation of egocentrism.
•encounter some difficulty in forming an attachment to her father.
•achieve formal operational intelligence more quickly than the average child.

Question 70

When placed in strange situations without their artificial mothers,the Harlows' infant monkeys demonstrated signs of
•insecure attachment.
•egocentrism.
•basic trust.
•curiosity.

Question 71

Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.
•secure attachment; imprinting
•heredity; maturation
•accommodation; assimilation
•temperament; responsive parenting

Question 72

Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be
•authoritarian.
•conservative.
•permissive.
•authoritative.

Question 73

When golden hamsters were repeatedly threatened and attacked while young,they suffered long-term changes in
•object permanence.
•brain chemistry.
•conservation.
•imprinting.

Question 74

Severe and prolonged child sexual abuse places children at risk for
•language deficits.
•egocentrism.
•imprinting.
•substance abuse.

Question 75

Some mothers feed their infants when they show signs of hunger,whereas others fail to respond predictably to their infants' demands for food. These different maternal feeding practices are most likely to contribute to differences in infant
•autism.
•attachment.
•conservation.
•egocentrism.

Question 76

The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents.
•authoritarian
•egocentric
•permissive
•authoritative

Question 77

Evidence that easy,relaxed infants develop secure attachments more readily than difficult,emotionally intense babies would illustrate the importance of
•egocentrism.
•temperament.
•conservation.
•object permanence.

Question 78

Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of
•maturation.
•accommodation.
•secure attachment.
•object permanence.

Question 79

Already at 15 months of age,Justin strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him. This most clearly contributes to
•egocentrism.
•conservation.
•object permanence.
•basic trust.

Question 80

Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of
•maturation.
•egocentrism.
•conservation.
•insecure attachment.