Deck 24: The Nature and Nurture of Aggression

Question 1

Because Carmella,Jorge,and Gail were all sitting behind the same bowling lane,Ruth perceived that they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates the organizational principle of
•proximity.
•interposition.
•closure.
•continuity.

Answer 1

•proximity

Question 2

Figure is to ground as ________ is to ________.
•form; substance
•looking up; looking down
•sensation; perception
•a white cloud; blue sky

Answer 2

•a white cloud; blue sky

Question 3

Infants who were exposed to the visual cliff
•tried to climb up the cliff if their mothers were at the top.
•gave no evidence that they could perceive depth.
•refused to cross over the "deep" side to their mothers.
•eagerly crossed to their mothers by means of the "bridge" provided.

Answer 3

•refused to cross over the "deep" side to their mothers

Question 4

Because the two teams wore different-colored uniforms,Cheri perceived the 10 basketball players as two distinct groups. This best illustrates the principle of
•proximity.
•closure.
•similarity.
•relative luminance.

Question 5

The perception of the letter "t" as two intersecting lines rather than as four nonintersecting lines illustrates the principle of
•interposition.
•proximity.
•closure.
•continuity.

Question 6

The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants.
•size constancy
•linear perspective
•depth perception
•perceptual adaptation

Question 7

Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of
•connectedness.
•retinal disparity.
•interposition.
•relative luminance.

Question 8

A gestalt is best described as a(n)
•binocular cue.
•illusion.
•organized whole.
•perceptual set.

Question 9

Although a few keys on the piano were broken,Shana mentally filled in the missing notes of the familiar melodies. This best illustrates the principle of
•proximity.
•closure.
•similarity.
•interposition.

Question 10

Retinal disparity is an important cue for
•perceiving color.
•shape constancy.
•perceiving distance.
•lightness constancy.

Question 11

Retinal disparity refers to the
•tendency to see parallel lines as coming together in the distance.
•tendency to see stimuli that are near each other as parts of a unified object.
•somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.
•inability to distinguish figure from ground.

Question 12

Our shifting perceptions of a Necker cube best illustrate the importance of
•linear perspective.
•bottom-up processing.
•perceptual adaptation.
•top-down processing.

Question 13

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called
•interposition.
•closure.
•continuity.
•proximity.

Question 14

The organizational rules identified by Gestalt psychologists illustrate that
•perception is the same as sensation.
•we learn to perceive the world through experience.
•the perceived whole differs from the sum of its parts.
•sensation has no effect on perception.

Question 15

The principle of connectedness would most likely lead you to perceive all the ________ as parts of a single unit.
•words in a sentence
•clouds in the sky
•letters in the alphabet
•rungs in a ladder

Question 16

The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called
•perceptual set.
•perceptual constancy.
•figure-ground perception.
•interposition.

Question 17

The principles of connectedness and closure best illustrate that
•sensations are organized into meaningful patterns.
•perception is the direct product of sensation.
•cultural experiences shape perception.
•visual information is especially likely to capture our attention.

Question 18

As the airplane descended for a landing,the pilot saw several beautiful islands that appeared to float in a vast expanse of blue ocean water. In this instance,the ocean is a
•figure.
•binocular cue.
•ground.
•perceptual set.

Question 19

The ability to see objects in three dimensions is most essential for making judgments of
•continuity.
•distance.
•relative luminance.
•connectedness.

Question 20

Perceptions of the St. Louis Gateway Arch as being taller than it is wide best illustrate
•interposition.
•retinal disparity.
•sensory interaction.
•the horizontal-vertical illusion.

Question 21

Distant trees were located closer to the top of the artist's canvas than were the flowers at the bottom of the canvas. The artist was clearly using the distance cue known as
•linear perspective.
•closure.
•relative height.
•interposition.

Question 22

Knowing about the effects of the perceived distance of objects on their perceived size helps us to understand
•the Moon illusion.
•the retinal disparity.
•shape constancy.
•figure-ground relationship.

Question 23

If two objects are assumed to be the same size,the object that casts the smaller retinal image is perceived to be
•moving faster.
•less hazy.
•more distant.
•closer.

Question 24

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change is known as
•interposition.
•a gestalt.
•perceptual constancy.
•perceptual adaptation.

Question 25

Which of the following is a cue used by artists to convey depth on a flat canvas?
•proximity
•continuity
•interposition
•closure

Question 26

The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer is
•interposition.
•relative height.
•continuity.
•linear perspective.

Question 27

Of two identical horizontal bars in the Ponzo illusion,the bar that is
•higher in the visual field appears to be shorter because it appears to be farther away.
•lower in the visual field appears to be shorter because it appears to be farther away.
•higher in the visual field appears to be longer because it appears to be farther away.
•lower in the visual field appears to be longer because it appears to be farther away.

Question 28

Relative height is a cue involving our perception of objects higher in our field of vision as
•brighter.
•farther away.
•hazier.
•smaller.

Question 29

Although college textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina,students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of
•size constancy.
•linear perspective.
•shape constancy.
•binocular cues.

Question 30

Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as
•perceptual set.
•a gestalt.
•lightness constancy.
•the Ponzo illusion.

Question 31

As the farmer looked across her field,the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as
•proximity.
•linear perspective.
•closure.
•continuity.

Question 32

Because she mistakenly thought she was much closer to the mountain than she actually was,Fiona perceived the mountain to be ________ than it actually was.
•higher
•smaller
•more richly colorful
•larger

Question 33

Under foggy weather conditions,car drivers are especially likely to overestimate the distance of approaching vehicles. This best illustrates that distance perception is influenced by
•perceptual constancy.
•monocular cues.
•connectedness.
•continuity.

Question 34

If two objects cast retinal images of the same size,the object that appears to be closer is perceived as ________ the object that appears to be more distant.
•overlapping
•smaller than
•larger than
•the same size as

Question 35

As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger,it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the importance of
•relative luminance.
•size constancy.
•closure.
•linear perspective.

Question 36

The perceived size of an object is most strongly influenced by that object's perceived
•shape.
•color.
•distance.
•motion.

Question 37

Our assumption that light typically comes from above us contributes most directly to the importance of ________ as a monocular cue for depth perception.
•interposition
•retinal disparity
•light and shadow
•linear perspective

Question 38

If you stared at a house as you walked down a street,the trees in front of the house would appear to be moving
•in the opposite direction as you,and the trees behind the house would appear to be moving in the opposite direction as you.
•in the same direction as you,and the trees behind the house would appear to be moving in the opposite direction as you.
•in the same direction as you,and the trees behind the house would appear to be moving in the same direction as you.
•in the opposite direction as you,and the trees behind the house would appear to be moving in the same direction as you.

Question 39

When the Moon is near the horizon,it appears larger than when it is high in the sky. This effect is primarily a result of
•the slightly dimmer appearance of the horizon Moon.
•the scattering of the horizon Moon's light waves,which penetrate the atmosphere at an angle.
•distance cues,which make the horizon Moon seem farther away.
•the brighter appearance of the horizon Moon.

Question 40

People who pour less juice when given a tall,thin glass rather than a short,wide glass are misled by the depth cue known as
•interposition.
•linear perspective.
•convergence.
•relative height.

Question 41

The ability of newly hatched chicks to perceive depth best serves to support the views of
•Locke.
•Kant.
•Freud.
•Aristotle.

Question 42

John Locke is to Immanuel Kant as ________ is to ________.
•figure; ground
•perception; sensation
•nurture; nature
•experience; learning

Question 43

The tendency to hear the steady drip of a leaky sink faucet as if it were a repeating rhythm of two or more beats best illustrates
•interposition.
•perceptual organization.
•relative luminance.
•perceptual adaptation.

Question 44

Rebecca was born with cataracts that were not surgically removed until she was 3 years old. As a result,Rebecca is most likely to
•have lost visual receptor cells in her eyes.
•be unable to perceive figure-ground relationships.
•have inadequate neural connections in her visual cortex.
•be unable to sense colors.

Question 45

The brain network responsible for vision develops normally only if visual experience occurs during the first few months after birth. This suggests the importance of ________ for normal visual development.
•perceptual adaptation
•retinal disparity
•a critical period
•relative luminance

Question 46

Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to
•a context effect.
•perceptual adaptation.
•perceptual set.
•a gestalt.

Question 47

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right,Lars was soon able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of
•perceptual set.
•shape constancy.
•retinal disparity.
•perceptual adaptation.

Question 48

Lenore had been blind from birth. Immediately after corrective eye surgery,she could visually perceive figure-ground relationships. This fact would serve to support the position advanced by
•Kant.
•parapsychologists.
•Aristotle.
•Locke.

Question 49

To experience color constancy,we should view things
•from very short distances.
•for long periods of time.
•under low levels of illumination.
•in relation to surrounding objects.

Question 50

Viewing the light reflected by any object relative to the light reflected by surrounding objects is most necessary for experiencing
•the Ponzo illusion.
•retinal disparity.
•perceptual adaptation.
•lightness constancy.

Question 51

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field is called
•perceptual set.
•clairvoyance.
•perceptual adaptation.
•shape constancy.

Question 52

Who emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experience?
•Kant
•Aristotle
•Locke
•Freud

Question 53

People deprived of visual experience early in life will later have difficulty perceiving individual human faces as having
•a whole form.
•skin color.
•distinct features.
•hair color.

Question 54

Color constancy refers to the fact that
•light waves reflected by an object remain constant despite changes in lighting.
•objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes.
•the perceived color of an object has a constant relation to its brightness.
•the frequency of light waves is directly proportional to the light's wavelength.

Question 55

Research with distorting goggles best supports the view of human perception advanced by
•Locke.
•Gibson.
•Kant.
•Kosslyn.

Question 56

If an adult who was blind from birth gains the ability to see,that person would have the greatest difficulty visually distinguishing
•circles from squares.
•the Sun from the Moon.
•red from green.
•a white cloud from the blue sky.

Question 57

Lightness constancy is most clearly facilitated by
•proximity.
•interposition.
•relative luminance.
•retinal disparity.

Question 58

A perceptual set is a
•tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete,whole object.
•readiness to perceive an object in an unfairly negative fashion.
•tendency to view objects higher in our field of vision as closer.
•mental predisposition that influences what we perceive.

Question 59

After learning that her new college roommate had experienced several episodes of depression during her high school years,Erin ly perceived her roommate's laughter as artificial and phony. This best illustrates the impact of
•interposition.
•perceptual set.
•clairvoyance.
•relative luminance.

Question 60

The philosopher John Locke believed that people
•learn to perceive the world through experience.
•are endowed at birth with perceptual skills.
•experience the whole as different from the sum of its parts.
•are unable to adapt to an inverted visual world.

Question 61

Andre claims that he can make a broken watch begin to run again simply by entering a state of intense mental concentration. Andre is claiming to possess the power of
•precognition.
•telepathy.
•clairvoyance.
•psychokinesis.

Question 62

A concept that helps us to interpret ambiguous sensations is called a(n)
•gestalt.
•schema.
•expectation.
•perceptual constancy.

Question 63

The influence of schemas on our interpretations of ambiguous sensations best illustrates
•shape constancy.
•top-down processing.
•psychokinesis.
•retinal disparity.

Question 64

While listening to sad rather than happy music,people are more likely to perceive a spoken word as mourning rather than morning. This best illustrates that perception is influenced by
•interposition.
•precognition.
•perceptual adaptation.
•context effects.

Question 65

Margo insists that her dreams frequently enable her to perceive and predict future events. Margo is claiming to possess the power of
•telepathy.
•clairvoyance.
•precognition.
•psychokinesis.

Question 66

When hearing the words "eel is on the wagon," you would likely perceive the first word as "wheel." Given "eel is on the orange," you would likely perceive the first word as "peel." This context effect best illustrates the organizational principle of
•proximity.
•interposition.
•closure.
•precognition.

Question 67

When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam,he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of
•perceptual adaptation.
•linear perspective.
•context effects.
•interposition.

Question 68

Parapsychology refers to the
•study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis.
•study of perceptual illusions.
•study of phantom limb sensations.
•direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.

Question 69

Jamal claims that his special psychic powers enable him to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Jamal is claiming to possess the power of
•psychokinesis.
•precognition.
•telepathy.
•clairvoyance.

Question 70

The existence of convincing scientific evidence that ESP is possible would pose the greatest challenge to the
•contemporary scientific understanding of human nature.
•continued existence of parapsychology.
•continuation of research on the processes that underlie ordinary forms of sensation and perception.
•ordinary belief systems of most Americans.

Question 71

The extrasensory ability to perceive an automobile accident taking place in a distant location is to ________ as the extrasensory ability to know at any moment exactly what your best friend is thinking is to ________.
•telepathy; precognition
•precognition; psychokinesis
•psychokinesis; clairvoyance
•clairvoyance; telepathy

Question 72

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week,she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of
•relative luminance.
•context effects.
•interposition.
•perceptual adaptation.

Question 73

The tendency to perceive a moving light in the night sky as belonging to an airplane rather than a satellite best illustrates the impact of
•psychokinesis.
•retinal disparity.
•perceptual set.
•linear perspective.

Question 74

Mr. Logwood's eyewitness perceptions of a car accident were influenced by his inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences,his learned schemas,and by other eyewitnesses' reactions to the car accident. An integrated understanding of Mr. Logwood's perceptions of the accident is most clearly provided by
•parapsychology.
•Gestalt principles.
•a biopsychosocial approach.
•perceptual organization.

Question 75

Psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes have demonstrated the value of
•clairvoyance.
•telepathy.
•precognition.
•none of these things.

Question 76

The presence and location of two curious rabbits influence our perceptions of the "magician's cabinet" pictured in the textbook. This provides an illustration of
•relative luminance.
•context effects.
•the Ponzo illusion.
•perceptual adaptation.

Question 77

The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of
•perceptual adaptation.
•psychokinesis.
•context effects.
•perceptual interaction.

Question 78

After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease,Alyosha began to perceive his normal aches and pains as disease-related symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of
•bottom-up processing.
•perceptual adaptation.
•the Ponzo illusion.
•perceptual set.

Question 79

Psychologists are skeptical about the existence of ESP because
•ESP researchers frequently accept evidence that they know is fraudulent.
•there is no way to scientifically test claims of ESP.
•many apparent demonstrations of ESP have been shown to be staged illusions.
•of all of these reasons.

Question 80

Telepathy refers to the
•extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
•extrasensory perception of events that occur at places remote to the perceiver.
•perception of future events,such as a person's fate.
•ability to understand and share the emotions of another person.