Question 1

When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the scientific method,_____ were more likely to value intuition.&#10;A)clinical psychologists&#10;B)developmental psychologists&#10;C)social psychologists&#10;D)educational psychologists

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychologists rely on intuition more often due to the nature of their work, which often involves working with complex emotional and interpersonal issues. In contrast, other types of psychologists such as developmental, social or educational psychologists may have a greater emphasis on quantitative research methods.

Question 2

April is going out on a first date with Nikos.April's best friend tells her that Nikos is funny and fun-loving.During their date,April asks Nikos,"What is the most fun-loving thing you have ever done?" What is the likely effect of such questioning on Nikos?

A)He will act more fun-loving during the date than if not asked such questions.
B)He will act more reserved and shy than if not asked such questions.
C)He will resent such questions and become annoyed.
D)He will try to explain that there are times when he is not fun-loving.

Accepted Answer

Asking Nikos about the most fun-loving thing he has ever done would make him feel more comfortable and confident to showcase his fun-loving side. He would be more likely to act more fun-loving during the date, as he has been given a chance to share his experiences and interests.

Question 3

Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on&#10;A)statistics.&#10;B)the judgments of trained admissions officers.&#10;C)statistics plus the judgments of trained admissions officers.&#10;D)letters of recommendation.

Accepted Answer

statistics.

Question 4

As part of a research study,David Rosenhan (1973)and seven of his associates with no prior record of schizophrenia complained of "hearing voices," were diagnosed with schizophrenia,and hospitalized.In order to "explain" their diagnosis,clinicians searched for early incidents in the life histories of these pseudopatients.In this example,the clinicians demonstrated

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)hindsight bias.
C)the attribution error.
D)memory conformity.

Accepted Answer

The clinicians demonstrating hindsight bias by interpreting the pseudopatients' behavior as consistent with their diagnosis of schizophrenia, even though their behavior could have been interpreted in other ways. In hindsight, they attributed the pseudopatients' behavior to schizophrenia, even though they had no prior history of mental illness. This bias can lead to overestimating the accuracy of diagnoses and treatment outcomes.

Question 5

Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses.They found that&#10;A)if students or clinicians expected a particular association,they perceived it,regardless of whether the data was supportive.&#10;B)students and clinicians only saw relationships that were supported by the data.&#10;C)professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships.&#10;D)students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than 0 .75.

Accepted Answer

The study found that both college students and professional clinicians perceived relationships between patients' test performances and diagnoses that were influenced by their expectations, regardless of whether the data supported it or not. This suggests that prior beliefs and expectations can influence how people perceive and interpret information.

Question 6

When researchers pit statistical predictions such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores against interviewers' intuitive prediction,&#10;A)statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition.&#10;B)expert intuition is usually superior to statistical intuition.&#10;C)statistical prediction and expert intuition do equally well.&#10;D)both methods usually fare no better than chance.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that statistical prediction, using a carefully selected set of predictors, is generally more accurate than expert intuition in predicting future outcomes. Studies have shown that expert intuition is often biased by personal beliefs, stereotypes, and limited information, while statistical predictors can incorporate larger amounts of data and provide more objective and accurate assessments.

Question 7

If psychotherapists look for traumas in early childhood experiences of patients in order to explain psychiatric problems,they are most likely to find them regardless of whether the patients are successful or unsuccessful in life.This is an example of

A)a self-confirming diagnosis.
B)an illusory correlation.
C)the attribution error.
D)depressive realism.

Accepted Answer

A self-confirming diagnosis is when a therapist unconsciously looks for evidence to confirm their initial diagnosis, regardless of whether it is accurate or not. In this case, the therapist is looking for traumas in childhood experiences to explain psychiatric problems, and will likely interpret any childhood experiences as traumatic, regardless of whether it is actually related to the patient's psychiatric problems or not.

Question 8

According to Myers,to avoid being fooled by the hindsight bias,&#10;A)you should guard against the tendency to ask questions that assume your preconceptions are correct.&#10;B)you should beware of the tendency to see relationships you expect to see.&#10;C)you should realize that it can lead you to feel overconfident.&#10;D)you should beware of the tendency to see relationships that are supported by striking examples readily available in your memory.

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias can lead individuals to feel overconfident about the predictability of an event after it has occurred, making them believe they knew the outcome all along. Myers suggests recognizing this bias to avoid the false sense of certainty it can create.

Question 9

As an extension to his original experiment on hindsight bias,David Rosenhan (1973)told some staff members that in the next three months one or more pseudopatients would seek admission to the hospitals.After the three months,when the staff was asked to guess which of the 193 patients admitted during that time were really pseudopatients,

A)all 193 patients were believed to be pseudopatients.
B)41 were believed by at least one staff member to be pseudopatients.
C)20 percent of the patients were believed to be pseudopatients.
D)50 percent of the patients were believed by at least one staff member to be pseudopatients.

Accepted Answer

The question states that "41 were believed by at least one staff member to be pseudopatients." This means that not all 193 patients were believed to be pseudopatients (option A is incorrect) and that the belief was not evenly spread across all patients (option C is incorrect). Option D is also incorrect as it only states the percentage of patients believed to be pseudopatients by at least one staff member, not the total number of patients believed to be pseudopatients.

Question 10

Following the suicide of a friend or a family member,feelings of guilt are often magnified due to&#10;A)illusory thinking.&#10;B)the fundamental attribution error.&#10;C)hindsight bias.&#10;D)confirmation bias.

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have foreseen or predicted the outcome. In the case of suicide, after the fact, survivors may feel guilty for not having recognized warning signs or for not having done more to prevent it. Hindsight bias may intensify these feelings of guilt.

Question 11

Snyder and Swann (1984)gave University of Minnesota students some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits and found that people often tested for a trait by&#10;A)asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation.&#10;B)looking for information that would contradict it.&#10;C)looking for information that would confirm it.&#10;D)asking very specific questions to disprove it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Snyder and Swann (1984)gave University of Minnesota...

Question 12

Myers suggests that clinicians may continue to have confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to&#10;A)the inoculation effect.&#10;B)learned helplessness.&#10;C)the representativeness heuristic.&#10;D)illusory correlations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Myers suggests that clinicians may continue to...

Deck 10: Clinical Intuition Key