Deck 8: Managing Motivation

Question 1

In expectancy theory, a perception about the extent to which performance will result in the attainment of outcomes or rewards is known as:

A)Expectancy
B)Valence
C)Value
D)Instrumentality
E)Reinforcement

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The two-factors of Herzberg's theory are:

A)motivator needs and reinforcement needs
B)motivator needs and hygiene needs
C)reinforcement needs and acknowledgement needs
D)belongingness needs and security needs
E)self-esteem needs and social needs

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to realize one's full potential as a human being is an example of:

A)Belongingness needs
B)Physiological needs
C)Esteem needs
D)Self-actualization needs
E)Safety needs

Answer 3

D

Question 4

is the degree to which one associates oneself with the work or profession.

A)Task significance
B)Skill variety
C)Task identity
D)Autonomy
E)Feedback

Question 5

Which of the following are inputs from organizational members?

A)Benefits
B)Pay
C)Time
D)Satisfaction
E)Security

Question 6

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, need for social interaction, friendship, and love are examples of:

A)Esteem needs
B)Safety needs
C)Self-actualization needs
D)Physiological needs
E)Belongingness needs

Question 7

A computer salesman who chooses this occupation because he enjoys receiving a sales commission on each computer sold is said to be:

A)Experiencing underpayment inequity
B)Experiencing extinction
C)Extrinsically motivated
D)Intrinsically motivated
E)None of these choices are correct

Question 8

A manager who derives a sense of accomplishment from managing a large corporation and strives to reach year-end targets in order to obtain large stock options is said to be:

A)Experiencing underpayment inequity
B)Extrinsically motivated
C)Intrinsically and extrinsically motivated
D)Intrinsically motivated
E)All of these choices are incorrect

Question 9

To promote vicarious learning, managers should strive to have the learner meet the following conditions except:

A)The learner observes the model performing the behaviour.
B)The learner has the skills and abilities needed to perform the behaviour.
C)The learner accurately perceives the model's behaviour.
D)The learner remembers the behaviour.
E)The learner cannot see how the model is positively reinforced for the behaviour.

Question 10

Anything which a manager receives from his or her organization is called a(n):

A)Reward
B)Outcome
C)Need
D)Input
E)Equity result

Question 11

Providing job security and adequate medical benefits at work is an example of how managers can help satisfy needs of employees.

A)safety
B)physiological
C)self-actualization
D)esteem
E)belongingness

Question 12

In expectancy theory, the desirability of the outcomes available from a job or organization is known as:

A)Expectancy
B)Valence
C)Value
D)Instrumentality
E)Reinforcement

Question 13

According to Maslow, the highest level of needs that motivate employees are:

A)Esteem needs
B)Safety needs
C)Self-actualization needs
D)Physiological needs
E)Belongingness needs

Question 14

In the job characteristics approach to job design, all of the following are core job dimensions except:

A)Feedback
B)Skill variety
C)Responsibility
D)Task identity
E)Autonomy

Question 15

Which of the following theories alludes to the importance of pay and suggests that pay should be based on performance:

A)Equity theory
B)Goal-setting theory
C)Expectancy theory
D)Needs theories
E)All of these choices are correct

Question 16

theories of motivation focus on what leads employees to be motivated.

A)Leadership
B)Need
C)Inequity
D)Process
E)Equity

Question 17

Joelyn feels that she has outcomes equal to 50 and inputs equal to 10.She perceives that Linda has outcomes equal to 60 and inputs equal to 10.In this case Joelyn is most likely to experience:

A)Perspective inequity
B)Equity
C)Overpayment inequity
D)Underpayment inequity
E)Value

Question 18

Fiaz believes that if she spends five hours preparing for her exam, she will be able to ace the exam and get an "A" in the course, however, she only wants to get a passing grade and so she doesn't expend the effort to study.In this case, Fiaz has:

A)High expectancy, low instrumentality, and a negative valence
B)High expectancy, high instrumentality, and a negative valence
C)High expectancy, high instrumentality, and a positive valence
D)Low expectancy, high instrumentality, and a positive valence
E)Low expectancy, low instrumentality, and a negative valence

Question 19

Luke would always get a reaction from his manager when he disrupted meetings with meaningless questions.In an effort to stop this undesirable behaviour Luke's manager stopped recognizing Luke when he raised his hand in meetings.Which reinforcement technique was Luke's manager practicing?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Valence

Question 20

In order for employees to experience no dissatisfaction at work, must be adequately met.

A)instrumentality needs
B)expectancy needs
C)hygiene needs
D)valence needs
E)motivator needs

Question 21

A perceived lack of fairness is known as:

A)Overpayment inequity
B)Inequity
C)Valence equity
D)Value inequity
E)Underpayment inequity

Question 22

Which of the following is important in goal-setting theory?

A)Employees should receive feedback on progress
B)Goals should be general and vague
C)If employees are included in the goal-setting process, they are less likely to be committed to the goals
D)If employees are included in the goal-setting process, they are less likely to accept the goals
E)None of these choices are correct

Question 23

A requirement or necessity for survival and well-being is known as:

A)Outcome
B)Need
C)Input
D)Value
E)Expectancy

Question 24

Behaviour that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment is known as:

A)Needs behaviour
B)Equity
C)Intrinsically motivated behaviour
D)Motivation
E)Extrinsically motivated behaviour

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true of setting goals so that they motivate high performance?

A)They should be measurable
B)They should be difficult
C)They should be specific
D)They should be general
E)They should be quantifiable

Question 26

In Herzberg's theory, all of the following are examples of motivator needs except:

A)Stock options
B)A sense of accomplishment
C)Responsibility
D)Autonomy
E)Interesting work

Question 27

Curtailing the performance of dysfunctional behaviours by eliminating whatever is reinforcing them is known as:

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Punishment
C)Extinction
D)Valence
E)Negative reinforcement

Question 28

Hamid's manager usually reprimands him when he comes to work late.One day Hamid was on time and his manager did not reprimand him.Which reinforcement technique was Hamid's manager practicing?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Valence

Question 29

The degree to which a manager focuses on the accomplishment of a goal despite obstacles is referred to as:

A)Persistence
B)Effort
C)Valence
D)Equity
E)Instrumentality

Question 30

All of the following are likely examples of extrinsically motivated behaviour except:

A)Cafeteria style benefits
B)Responsibility
C)Vacation time
D)Stock options
E)Job security

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a manager's input to the organization?

A)Skills
B)Work behaviour
C)Education
D)Experience
E)All of these choices are correct

Question 32

The extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence is referred to as:

A)Need for achievement
B)Self-actualization needs
C)Need for affiliation
D)Need for belongingness
E)Success needs

Question 33

Which of the following is true with respect to how managers attempt to motivate employees to perform well?

A)Strive to have people contribute important inputs to the organization
B)Make sure inputs are focused on high performance
C)Make sure that high performance results in employees obtaining the outcomes they desire
D)Make sure inputs are put to good use
E)All the choices are correct

Question 34

Michael does not believe that his high level of effort will actually increase his performance level.Michael's belief is centered on his:

A)Expectancy
B)Instrumentality
C)Goals
D)Valence
E)All of these choices are incorrect

Question 35

George feels that if he increases his effort he can increase his output, but he does not feel that he will be recognized for his contribution.About George, we could correctly say that:

A)His expectancy is negative
B)His instrumentality is high
C)His instrumentality is low
D)His valence is high
E)His expectancy is low

Question 36

All of the following are likely examples of intrinsically motivated behaviour except:

A)Responsibility
B)A feeling of accomplishment
C)Pay
D)Interesting work
E)Autonomy

Question 37

The motivator-hygiene theory was developed by:

A)Hackman
B)Maslow
C)Herzberg
D)Freud
E)Oldman

Question 38

Eliminating or removing undesired outcomes when people perform desirable workplace behaviours is known as:

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Extinction
C)Positive reinforcement
D)Valence
E)Punishment

Question 39

The need theory that distinguishes between two sets of needs is known as:

A)McClelland's Need theory
B)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C)Expectancy theory
D)Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
E)Alderfer's ERG theory

Question 40

McClelland's need theory focuses on which of the following?

A)The need for esteem, power and belongingness
B)The need for safety, security and self-actualization
C)The need for expectancy, instrumentality and hygiene
D)The need for achievement, affiliation and power
E)None of these choices are correct

Question 41

Expectancy theory is based largely on the work of:

A)Victor Vroom
B)Frederick Herzberg
C)B)F.Skinner
D)Clayton Alderfer
E)Abraham Maslow

Question 42

The sense of inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome/input ratio is less than the ratio of a referent, is known as a(n):

A)Overpayment inequity
B)Equity
C)Valence equity
D)Value inequity
E)Underpayment inequity

Question 43

refers to psychological forces that determine the direction, level of effort, and level of persistence of a person's behaviour.

A)Valence
B)Motivation
C)Drive
D)Instrumentality
E)Equity

Question 44

proposed that all workers seek to satisfy five basic needs.

A)Locke and Latham
B)Victor Vroom
C)Abraham Maslow
D)J)Stacy Adams
E)Frederick Herzberg

Question 45

A school teacher who does this type of work because he or she enjoys teaching children is an example of:

A)Intrinsically motivated behaviour
B)Overpayment inequity behaviour
C)Extinction behaviour
D)Extrinsically motivated behaviour
E)Negatively reinforced behaviour

Question 46

According to Maslow, the most basic need of a worker is:

A)Esteem needs
B)Safety needs
C)Self-actualization needs
D)Physiological needs
E)Belongingness needs

Question 47

For most managers, a promotion is considered to be:

A)Self-efficacy
B)Vicarious learning
C)A positive reinforcer
D)A negative valence
E)All of these choices are correct

Question 48

Behaviour that is performed for its own sake is known as:

A)Equity
B)Motivation
C)Intrinsically motivated behaviour
D)Needs behaviour
E)Extrinsically motivated behaviour

Question 49

According to McClelland, top managers have a high need for which of the following?

A)The need for achievement
B)The need for autonomy
C)The need for self-actualization
D)The need for affiliation
E)The need for power

Question 50

According to McClelland, first-line and middle managers have a high need for which of the following?

A)The need for affiliation and power
B)The need for autonomy and affiliation
C)The need for achievement and power
D)The need for self-actualization and power
E)The need for power and autonomy

Question 51

In Herzberg's theory, needs that are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed are known as:

A)Valence needs
B)Instrumentality needs
C)Expectancy needs
D)Hygiene needs
E)Motivator needs

Question 52

is a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behaviour successfully.

A)Self-confidence
B)Self-righteousness
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-efficacy
E)Self-absorbedness

Question 53

Which of the following theories supports that outcomes such as pay should be linked to the attainment of goals?

A)Equity
B)Learning
C)Goal-setting
D)Needs
E)Expectancy

Question 54

In expectancy theory, a perception about the extent to which effort will result in a certain level of performance is known as:

A)Expectancy
B)Valence
C)Value
D)Instrumentality
E)Reinforcement

Question 55

Which of the following theories supports that outcomes such as pay should be distributed in proportion to the level of inputs?

A)Goal-setting
B)Needs
C)Learning
D)Expectancy
E)Equity

Question 56

The sense of inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome/input ratio is greater than the ratio of a referent is known as a(n):

A)Overpayment inequity
B)Equity
C)Valence equity
D)Value inequity
E)Underpayment inequity

Question 57

For most managers, remuneration is considered to be:

A)a positive reinforcer
B)a negative reinforcer
C)a negative valence
D)self-efficacy
E)vicarious learning

Question 58

In Herzberg's theory, all of the following are examples of hygiene needs except:

A)Pay
B)Effective supervision
C)Good relationships with coworkers
D)Responsibility
E)Job security

Question 59

An example of high levels of job characteristics would be:

A)A worker in a textile factory who operates a machine that cuts cloth
B)A worker at McDonald's who grills hamburgers for the entire shift
C)A cashier at a coffee shop
D)A firefighter who rescues people and property from devastation
E)An automotive assembly line worker

Question 60

A manager who experiences underpayment inequity may choose to:

A)Skip work occasionally
B)Ask for a raise
C)Work fewer hours on the job
D)Leave the organization
E)All of these choices are correct

Question 61

Anything a person contributes to his or her job is known as a(n):

A)Expectancy
B)Outcome
C)Value
D)Input
E)Need

Question 62

According to Herzberg, hygiene factors determine the degree of employee satisfaction.

Question 63

Noor's manager docked her pay after she came late to work every day for a week.Which reinforcement technique was Noor's manager practicing?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Valence
SHORT ANSWER.Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Question 64

In order for employees to perform at a high level, managers must get to know them.

Question 65

Using the motivation theories discussed in this chapter, explain why and how managers can use pay as a motivation tool.

Question 66

Abraham Maslow developed a needs hierarchy model of motivation.Discuss the different kinds of needs in this model.Give one specific example of how a manager can satisfy each of these types of needs.

Question 67

Pay is an important extrinsic motivating factor addressed by both need and process theories.

Question 68

A total reward strategy that includes both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators could include which of the following?

A)Opportunities for advancement
B)Giving positive reinforcement
C)Recognition
D)Flexible hours
E)All these choices could be part of a total reward strategy

Question 69

From a motivation standpoint, stock options are used not so much to reward past individual performance but, rather, to motivate employees to work in the future for the good of the company as a whole.

Question 70

The use of positive and negative reinforcement encourages desired or functional organizational behaviours.

Question 71

A total reward strategy includes both extrinsic and intrinsic motivating factors.

Question 72

Organizational behaviour modification is the systematic application of operant conditioning techniques.

Question 73

Negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.

Question 74

Identify and briefly describe the three possible outcomes people perceive when they compare their ratio of inputs/outcomes with a referent, according to equity theory.What is one way that a person could restore their sense of equity in each of these situations?

Question 75

Reinforcement theory presents four major techniques which managers can use to influence the behaviour of subordinates.Discuss each of these techniques and give a specific example of how a manager could use each of these techniques in attempting to: (a)reduce the frequency of undesired behaviours (b)increase the frequency of desired workplace behaviours.

Question 76

Physiological needs are the needs for social interaction and friendship.

Question 77

In Herzberg's theory, needs which are related to the nature of the work itself and the degree of challenge contained in the work are known as:

A)Valence needs
B)Hygiene needs
C)Instrumentality needs
D)Expectancy needs
E)Motivator needs

Question 78

Define what motivation is and how behaviour can be intrinsically and extrinsically motivated.

Question 79

Discuss the three major factors in expectancy theory and explain how managers can use expectancy theory to understand high and low performance among employees.

Question 80

For most managers, praise from their superior is considered to be:

A)A negative reinforcer
B)A negative valence
C)A positive reinforcer
D)An extinction
E)Self-efficacy