Deck 4: Gender and Family

Question 1

The most common type of gender stratification is:​

A) ​matriarchy.
B) ​patriarchy.
C) ​egalitarianism.
D) ​gender polarization.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In society certain particular models of ideal male and female behaviors are held up as standards for all.These are called:​

A) ​gender roles.
B) ​model gender behaviors.
C) ​hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity.
D) ​gender resistant stereotypes.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When studying gender,we find that in:​

A) ​all cultures males identify as male and females as female.
B) ​all cultures people identify themselves as either males or females.
C) ​all cultures gender identification is unclear until adulthood.
D) ​some cultures people identify themselves as neither male nor female.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Gender is best described as:

A) a social status with differential access to society's rewards,opportunities,and obstacles.
B) the same thing as biological sex.
C) biologically hardwired and inevitable.
D) always binary,with two clear categories of "man" and "woman".

Question 5

_______ is learned at a very young age and is perhaps the deepest concept we hold of ourselves.​

A) ​Gender role
B) ​Gender identity
C) ​Gender-role behavior
D) ​Sexual script

Question 6

Arlie Hochschild referred to women's own domestic work in the household and child care after their paid workday hours as a(n):​

A) ​second shift.
B) ​double day.
C) ​gender role.
D) ​emphasized femininity.

Question 7

Those whose gender identities match their biological sex are increasingly known as:​

A) ​postgender.
B) ​cisgender.
C) ​heterosexual.
D) ​binary gender.

Question 8

Which term best defines gender as we understand it scientifically?​

A) ​Gender binary
B) ​Gender spectrum
C) ​Gender curve
D) ​Gender polarization

Question 9

Learning through imitation is known as:​

A) ​modeling.
B) ​channeling.
C) ​manipulation.
D) ​transcending.

Question 10

If a boy hears his brother being called a "sissy" because he likes to play with a doll,he is likely to expect that he too would be similarly taunted if he played with a doll.This is an application of __________ theory.​

A) ​gender
B) ​social learning
C) ​cognitive development
D) ​transcendence

Question 11

The hijras of India are considered:​

A) ​examples of a third gender.
B) women who excel at domestic work and child care.​
C) ​examples of emphasized masculinity.
D) ​men who accept matriarchy within their homes.

Question 12

Social learning theory represents a modification of the traditional behaviorist approach to include:​

A) ​unlearned stimuli.
B) ​unlearned responses.
C) ​punishment.
D) ​cognition.

Question 13

Margaret Mead's studies of the Arapesh and the Mundugumor of New Guinea revealed that:​

A) ​culture creates masculinity and femininity.
B) ​only men can be competitive,aggressive,and violent.
C) ​only women can be passive,cooperative,and nurturing.
D) ​biology creates masculinity and femininity.

Question 14

When studying gender,it is best to keep in mind that:​

A) ​gender and sex are the same things.
B) ​biological differences between the sexes dictate our gender stereotypes.
C) ​our perceptions of gender differences are much greater than actual differences.
D) ​hormone levels dictate most behaviors and emotions.

Question 15

Cognitive development theory ideally:​

A) ​stresses the importance of reinforcement in learning.
B) ​stresses the importance of age in learning.
C) ​stresses the importance of external motivation.
D) ​assumes that adults and children learn in basically the same way.

Question 16

Currently (2^nd Quarter,2015),which population has the lowest average full-time and salaried weekly wage in the United States?​

A) ​Hispanic men
B) ​African American men
C) ​Hispanic women
D) ​White men

Question 17

When it comes to gender differences,our cultures teach us to:​

A) ​minimize their degree and significance.
B) ​exaggerate their degree and significance.
C) ​pretend they don't exist.
D) ​try to eliminate them.

Question 18

The cornerstone of social learning theory is the belief that:​

A) ​consequences control behavior.
B) ​we learn differently depending on our age.
C) ​once children learn gender is permanent,they try to act "properly."
D) ​the creation of gender inequality is based on polar opposites.

Question 19

_________ describes the exhibition of both masculine and feminine qualities.

A) Androgyny
B) Transgender
C) Intersexuality
D) Social cognition

Question 20

Which of the following statements is correct?​

A) ​There are no true matriarchies that have been documented.
B) ​Matriarchies are common although they are not recognized as such by scientists.
C) ​Matriarchies are found only in matrilineal societies and there are few worldwide.
D) ​There were matriarchies early in human evolution but not in state societies.

Question 21

Classroom observations find all of the following except:​

A) ​teachers call on boys more often.
B) ​teachers are more patient with boys during explanations.
C) ​intelligent girls are often devalued by boys.
D) ​girls are praised more frequently for the accuracy of their work.

Question 22

All of the following are contexts of adult gender-role learning except:​

A) ​the family of orientation.
B) ​marriage.
C) ​parenthood.
D) ​the workplace.

Question 23

Contemporary gender roles:​

A) ​continue to limit our potential.
B) ​have significantly changed stereotypes related to gender traits.
C) ​have facilitated more freedom for men regarding work.
D) ​are making our potential as men and women limitless.

Question 24

Mothers who are employed full time come home to a "second shift," which refers to:​

A) ​housework and childcare.
B) ​focusing on nurturing their husbands.
C) ​involvement in community activities.
D) ​additional paid labor after their normal working day.

Question 25

The role of fathers in gender-role development:​

A) ​is basically the same for sons as it is for daughters.
B) ​involves pressure to behave in gender-appropriate ways.
C) ​involves higher standards of achievement for daughters.
D) ​is the same as the role of mothers.

Question 26

Central features of the traditional male role include which of the following?​

A) ​Weakness
B) ​Work
C) ​Leisure
D) ​Cooperation

Question 27

The ideology that a mother can have ultimate responsibility while delegating daily care to someone else is known as:​

A) ​intensive mothering.
B) ​extensive mothering.
C) ​other mothering.
D) ​emphatic mothering.

Question 28

_______ tend to believe in innate gender roles more than _______ do.​

A) ​Married men; single men
B) ​Married women; single women
C) ​Wives; husbands
D) ​Husbands; wives

Question 29

Research on the impact of teachers on gender role socialization has shown that:​

A) ​girls tend to get more attention in elementary school because the vast majority of teachers are women.
B) ​boys initially outperform girls in all elementary school subjects,but because their teachers expect them to be trouble-makers,they eventually conform to that role.
C) ​girls are praised more for the appearance and neatness of their work than for accuracy and performance.
D) ​girls in all-girl schools do worse than girls in co-ed schools.

Question 30

Children are socialized in gender roles through which of the following processes?​

A) ​Transcendence
B) ​Exploitation
C) ​Gender training
D) ​Activity exposure

Question 31

Recently,there has been an increase in the number of women choosing to remain childless.These women:​

A) ​face no pressure to become mothers.
B) ​are still under considerable pressure to become mothers.
C) ​are accepted by peers but rejected by family.
D) ​have difficulty finding a husband.

Question 32

In terms of education in the United States,recent data finds that:​

A) ​girls excel in standardized reading and writing tests.
B) ​boys earn more bachelor degrees.
C) ​girls receive more attention in the classroom.
D) ​girls are less liberal in their views both before and after having attended college.

Question 33

Contemporary gender roles encourage:

A) females to stop nurturing children.
B) males to be less expressive.
C) males to be more expressive.
D) females to be breadwinners and males to be homemakers.

Question 34

​In order to be accepted by their peers,children must:

A) ​model the behaviors of their teachers.
B) ​provide intimate relationships.
C) ​own the latest video games.
D) ​adopt similar gender role attitudes,behaviors and beliefs as their friends.

Question 35

According to Kohlberg,very young children base their identification of their gender on:​

A) ​superficial features such as hair length or clothing.
B) ​differences in genitals.
C) ​behavioral differences.
D) ​differences in the way adults react to them.

Question 36

When Heather directs her children's attention to specific objects such as dolls for her daughter and trucks for her sons,she is engaging in:​

A) ​manipulation.
B) ​channeling.
C) ​verbal appellation.
D) ​activity exposure.

Question 37

Between ages 12-17,children are exposed to media content approximately how many hours per week?

A) 43
B) 19
C) 23
D) 7

Question 38

According to cognitive development theory,children behave in a manner consistent with their cultural expectations for their gender because:​

A) ​of an instinctual need for congruence between what they know and how they act.
B) ​of the social structures put in place to maintain male dominance and female subservience.
C) ​on the basis of their observations of others,they expect that gender-consistent behavior will be reinforced.
D) ​they are biologically programmed to engage in these behaviors.

Question 39

___________ denotes that in economic ways,as well as politically and socially,men are advantaged.​

A) ​Gender stratification
B) ​Sex stratification
C) ​Male-female social hierarchy
D) ​Male-female social pyramid

Question 40

Comparing various populations,employment is a most integral,normative,and traditional component of being a wife and mother for:​

A) ​White women.
B) ​Latina women.
C) ​African American women.
D) ​Chinese women.

Question 41

Parents will generally acknowledge that they treat their sons and daughters differently.​

Question 42

The traditional white female gender role:​

A) ​centers on women's roles as wives and mothers.
B) ​facilitates self-confidence and mental health.
C) ​contributes to greater happiness among married women than unmarried women.
D) ​expects women to defer marriage for work goals.

Question 43

Cognitive development theory suggests that a person's ability to anticipate consequences affects their behavior.​

Question 44

Marianismo is based primarily on a belief in female inferiority.​

Question 45

Mothers pressure their children more than fathers to behave in gender-appropriate ways.​

Question 46

After viewing music videos and talk shows,individuals are more likely to emphasize female thinness.

Question 47

Men and women are more alike than different,but our culture has encouraged us to look for differences and to exaggerate their degree and significance.​

Question 48

When people believe that individuals should not have the attributes of the other gender,males suppress their expressive traits.​

Question 49

_______ tends to emphasize overlapping and interrelated inequalities of gender,sexual orientation,race,and class.​

A) ​Gender-reform feminism
B) ​Gender-rebellion feminism
C) ​Gender-resistant feminism
D) ​Social feminism

Question 50

While in the 1950s women were significantly underrepresented on television,today their representation is equal to that of men.​

Question 51

Hegemonic models of gender are:​

A) ​held up as the standard for all women and men to emulate.
B) ​based on biological reasons and constraints.
C) ​ultimately the same for all cultures.
D) ​never challenged within a society.

Question 52

In early life,the primary agents forming our gender roles are:

A) the media.
B) parents.
C) peers.
D) teachers.

Question 53

Relationships that form outside the constraints of gender expectations are known as:​

A) ​opposites ideology.
B) ​gender-resistant relationships.
C) ​postgender relationships.
D) ​cisgender relationships.

Question 54

​Cognitive development theory proposes that once children learn gender is permanent,they independently strive to fulfill their proper gender role.

Question 55

Central to a pro-feminist men's movement is the issue of:​

A) ​fairness.
B) ​more opportunities for men.
C) ​more opportunities for women.
D) ​more rights for gay and lesbian couples.

Question 56

Intelligent girls are often devalued by boys

Question 57

Social learning theory focuses on how specific behaviors are defined as male or female.​

Question 58

Dr.Fritschner advocates more radical,separatist strategies for women because she believes that their subordination is too embedded in the existing social system.Dr.Fritschner is a __________ feminist.​

A) ​social
B) ​gender-reform
C) ​gender-rebellion
D) ​gender-resistant

Question 59

Pro-feminist men believe which of the following?​

A) ​Men ought to share responsibilities within their households.
B) ​Women should earn more money than men for performing the same task.
C) ​All wives should work at least part-time.
D) ​Men and children would both benefit from closer connections between mothers and their children.

Question 60

"Verbal appellation" refers to using different words to describe the same behavior.​

Question 61

Social acceptance of transgendered individuals has increased overall in recent years.​

Question 62

Attitudes toward gender roles have become more liberal within the family.​

Question 63

Matriarchies existed in tribal societies earlier in human evolution but they are now no longer commonly found.​

Question 64

The fundamental problem with the view of men and women as opposites is that it is incorrect.​

Question 65

Women today have somewhat greater freedom as wives than in the past.​

Question 66

As a result of the significant changes in our culture's gender role expectations that have occurred in recent years,women and men have finally become equal partners in marriage.​

Question 67

Traditional men are often confused by their spouses' greater expectations of intimacy.

Question 68

Regardless of their education or their employment status,Latino women all tend to be subservient to their husbands.​

Question 69

Gender-reform feminism has been on the decline in recent years as gender experiences have improved.​