Deck 34: Vectorborne and Soilborne Microbial Pathogens

Question 1

Which of the following diseases causes an influenza- like illness that can progress to include pneumonia?

A) typhus
B) malaria
C) Lyme disease
D) Q fever

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following conditions REDUCES the efficiency of red blood cells?

A) thalassemia
B) G6PD deficiency
C) sickle- cell anemia
D) both thalassemia and sickle- cell anemia

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Many HGE infections are not properly identified because

A) the symptoms are highly variable.
B) the disease mimics malaria.
C) most physicians and diagnosticians are not aware of this disease.
D) the symptoms are often subacute.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What virulence factor(s) of Yersinia pestis prevent(s) phagocytosis by cells of the immune system?

A) leukocidins
B) the capsule
C) V and W antigens
D) murine toxin

Question 5

A person is MOST likely to contract diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis if he or she visits/participates in

A) to European countries.
B) camping and hiking in the backcountry.
C) snow skiing.
D) metropolitan cities.

Question 6

The rickettsias can be cultured in

A) pure culture.
B) laboratory animals.
C) artificial media.
D) all of the above.

Question 7

Rickettsial disease detection/identification includes which of the following?

A) ELISA analyses
B) PCR assays
C) latex bead agglutination assays
D) all of the above

Question 8

Animal- transmitted diseases are generally spread to accidental hosts by

A) aerosols.
B) bites.
C) direct contact.
D) all of the above.

Question 9

Which of the following are malaria vaccines currently in development?

A) recombinant particle vaccines
B) synthetic peptide vaccines
C) DNA vaccines
D) all of the above

Question 10

Which was an emerging mosquitoborne disease in the early 2000s but has now decreased in frequency?

A) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
B) West Nile fever
C) malaria
D) typhus

Question 11

Which of the following human mutations correlates with resistance to plasmodial infections in West Africa?

A) one particular MHC class I gene
B) hemoglobin S
C) one particular set of MHC class II genes
D) all of the above

Question 12

Tetanus develops from a puncture wound because

A) the organism gains access to the circulatory system and then invades the nervous system.
B) the endotoxin is released at the site of the infection and can travel to the nervous system.
C) endospores germinate in anoxic conditions.
D) of all of the above.

Question 13

Which group of organisms has a set of virulence genes closely related to the virB operon of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

A) hantaviruses
B) plague bacteria
C) malarial organisms
D) rickettsias

Question 14

The disease whose symptoms are most closely related to the symptoms of chronic syphilis is

A) HPS.
B) typhus.
C) latent Lyme disease.
D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Question 15

Murine toxin is a that blocks mitochondrial electron transport at coenzyme Q.

A) Yersinia pestis endotoxin
B) Rickettsia prowazekii exotoxin
C) Rickettsia prowazekii endotoxin
D) Yersinia pestis exotoxin

Question 16

Control of certain diseases is nearly impossible, because we cannot

A) eradicate organisms from the soil.
B) control reservoir animals.
C) control vector animals.
D) do all of the above.

Question 17

A resident from which of the following states is MOST susceptible to rickettsial pathogens?

A) Florida
B) Colorado
C) New York
D) Iowa

Question 18

The initial infective stage of the malarial parasite is the

A) plasmodyite.
B) merozoite.
C) schizont.
D) sporozoite.

Question 19

Negri bodies are found in the

A) blood of humans (and other mammals) suffering from HPS.
B) respiratory tract of animals carrying Lyme disease.
C) intestines of humans suffering from malaria.
D) samples of postmortem rabid animals.

Question 20

In bubonic plague, buboes are swellings formed in the lymph nodes and filled with

A) Clostridium tetani.
B) Yersinia pestis.
C) Xenopsylla cheopis.
D) Rickettsia prowazekii.

Question 21

The causative agent of Q fever is .

Question 22

Which rickettsial disease can lead to endocarditis?

A) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
B) Q fever
C) scrub typhus
D) typhus

Question 23

Which of the following pathogens is MOST closely related to human mitochondria?

A) Borrelia burgdorferi
B) Rickettsia prowazekii
C) Yersinia pestis
D) Plasmodium falciparum

Question 24

The hantavirus contains a genome.

A) ssRNA
B) dsRNA
C) dsDNA
D) ssDNA

Question 25

Which insect functions in the host- to- host transmission of typhus?

A) rat flea
B) dog tick
C) deer tick
D) body louse

Question 26

Which disease(s) has/have been mistakenly diagnosed as measles or scarlet fever due to similarities in rash appearance?

A) Lyme disease
B) rickettsial diseases
C) Q fever
D) typhus

Question 27

An untreated rabies virus infection that in an individual will likely be lethal regardless of treatment.

Question 28

The three groups of the rickettsias are the group, the _ group, and the
group.

Question 29

Which rickettsial disease can be transmitted by contaminated milk?

A) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
B) ehrlichiosis
C) Q fever
D) typhus

Question 30

Animal diseases transmissible to humans are known as

A) ferals.
B) vectors.
C) radicals.
D) zoonoses.

Question 31

The disease caused by rodent hantavirus, which involves shock and kidney failure, is called syndrome.

Question 32

The most serious types of fungal infections are

A) superficial mycoses.
B) mycotoxic infections.
C) subcutaneous infections.
D) systemic mycoses.

Question 33

All fungal infections can broadly be termed .

Question 34

The organism responsible for the plague is .

Question 35

The rickettsias are divided into groups based loosely on

A) taxonomy.
B) the types of clinical disease they produce.
C) their insect vectors.
D) their biochemical requirements.

Question 36

toxin is the agent that causes lockjaw in humans.

Question 37

The three principle mechanisms by which fungi cause disease are: , , and
.

Question 38

Hantaviruses are most commonly transmitted by of virus- contaminated rodent .

A) ingestion / saliva
B) inhalation / saliva
C) inhalation / excreta
D) ingestion / excreta

Question 39

The primary disease reservoir for plague is

A) mosquitoes.
B) rats.
C) fleas.
D) humans.

Question 40

Malaria is

A) prevented and treated with chloroquine and closely related drugs.
B) controlled primarily by controlling the mosquito vector.
C) the most common cause of death due to infectious disease worldwide.
D) all of the above.

Question 41

Rickettsia prowazekii is transmitted to humans when a louse bite becomes contaminated with louse feces.

Question 42

Rickettsial pathogens primarily infect in animals.

Question 43

The malarial parasite growing within erythrocytes is more resistant than the free parasite to the drug chloroquine.

Question 44

If Lyme disease is not treated early, it can infect the central nervous system.

Question 45

HPS stands for , a viral respiratory disease caused by contact with , animals in which hantaviruses are typically found.

Question 46

Septicemic plague usually causes death before a diagnosis can be made.

Question 47

Athlete's foot is an example of a(n) infection in which a(n) mycosis results.

Question 48

The large, diverse group of fungal exotoxins is known as the .

Question 49

The hantaviruses are occasionally spread by person- to- person transmission, although infected rodents serve as the most common vector.

Question 50

Controlling most rickettsial diseases involves controlling the .

Question 51

There are several different virus- specific treatments and vaccines available to treat or prevent hantavirus infections.

Question 52

Virtually all cases of tetanus occur in individuals who have failed to receive tetanus toxoid booster immunizations.

Question 53

The study of hantaviruses requires a biosafety level- 3 precautions.

Question 54

A PCR assay has been developed for the detection of the bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) that causes Lyme disease. Unfortunately this method cannot differentiate between an active disease and a treated or inactive disease.

Question 55

Hantaviruses are related to viruses such as and .

Question 56

For individuals with AIDS, systemic mycoses are especially serious and common.

Question 57

Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are the drugs of choice for the treatment of many of the rickettsial diseases.

Question 58

The genus of the organism that carries the malarial parasite is , while the genus of the organism that causes malaria is _ .

Question 59

The most effective malarial control measure is to interrupt the life cycle of the parasite by eliminating one of the obligate hosts, the Anopheles mosquito.

Question 60

The causative agent of Lyme disease is , which has a(n) morphology and is carried primarily by the _.

Question 61

Wild animals are a natural reservoir for Clostridium tetani.

Question 62

During outdoor activities, it is not uncommon to be bit by mosquitoes several times, so how does an individual know he/she has been infected with the West Nile virus? How would an infected individual be treated for the disease?

Question 63

Describe the primary cause of viral hemorrhagic fever in the United States, and explain the typical cause of death for this disease.

Question 64

Plasmodium vivax causes a more serious form of malaria than does P. falciparum.

Question 65

The hantavirus diagnosis can be made from several different types of ELISAs.

Question 66

Histoplasmosis is common in rural regions of the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys in the midwestern United States.

Question 67

Despite its seriousness, Lyme disease is limited almost exclusively to the northeastern United States.

Question 68

Certain Clostridium spp. can be found in the human gut, but Clostridium tetani is almost exclusively present in soil.

Question 69

Most fungi are harmless to humans, although certain superficial infections are quite common.

Question 70

As a malarial infection (Plasmodium falciparum) progresses, gametocytes are formed. The gemetocytes unite in the bloodstream before being picked up by the insect vector.

Question 71

Emerging diseases are a problem worldwide, even in highly developed regions of the world.

Question 72

Epizootic diseases often occur in wild animals on a periodic or cyclic basis.

Question 73

Various Ixodes spp., as well as various Borrelia spp., may be involved in the transmission and cause of Lyme disease.

Question 74

Deer flies (Chrysops spp.) are a major vector in the spread of typhus.

Question 75

During a camping and hiking expedition in the Ice Age National Scenic Trail at Hartman Creek State Park (Waupaca, WI), an individual notices a mole that appears to be moving on his arm. After removing the partially embedded deer tick, what symptoms should this individual look for to indicate infection of Borrelia burgdorferi? Also, what should be done on future hiking trips to decrease the likelihood of B. burgdorferi infection?

Question 76

With respect to their life cycles, how are fungal pathogens different than bacterial pathogens?

Question 77

Erythema migrans is associated with typhus.

Question 78

Rabies infection in humans leads to typical symptoms in less than two weeks.

Question 79

The majority of cases of human plague in the United States occur in the northeastern states.

Question 80

Tetanus is highly contagious through person- to- person contact.