Deck 29: Immune Mechanisms

Question 1

Antigen exposure is necessary to

A) stimulate B cell to differentiate to plasma cell.
B) stimulate B cell to produce soluble antibodies.
C) induce genetic hypermutation in B cells with productive antibody genes.
D) act in all of the above ways.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Intrinsic properties of immunogens include

A) sufficient molecular complexity.
B) appropriate physical form.
C) molecular size.
D) all of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT the name of the heavy chain constant domain of an antibody?

A) epsilon
B) alpha
C) delta
D) none of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The measurable strength of binding of antibody to antigen is called

A) virulence.
B) binding affinity.
C) epitope.
D) tolerance.

Question 5

Plasma cells usually live for about one

A) decade.
B) month.
C) year.
D) week.

Question 6

Which property characterizes adaptive immunity but NOT innate immunity?

A) specificity
B) memory
C) tolerance
D) all of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of dendritic cells?

A) phagocytosis
B) antigen presentation
C) plaque formation
D) both phagocytosis and plaque formation

Question 8

Antibody- mediated immunity is particularly effective against

A) extracellular pathogens.
B) intracellular pathogens.
C) both extra- and intracellular pathogens.
D) none of the above.

Question 9

The molecular mediators of inflammation include

A) chemokines.
B) chemokines and cytokines.
C) collagen.
D) cytokines.

Question 10

Dimers of IgA are present in

A) tears.
B) saliva.
C) breast milk colostrums.
D) all of the above.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an immunoglobin?

A) IgC
B) IgA
C) IgD
D) IgG

Question 12

Effective immunogens generally have a molecular weight of or greater.

A) 7,500
B) 5,000
C) 1,000
D) 10,000

Question 13

TH cells express a protein coreceptor.

A) T cell receptin
B) CD8
C) CD12
D) CD4

Question 14

Which of the following symptoms are associated with inflammation?

A) erythema
B) pain and heat
C) edema
D) all of the above

Question 15

Antibodies are found in

A) mucosal secretions.
B) milk.
C) serum.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

Antigen processing

A) destroys the conformational structure of a macromolecule.
B) breaks proteins into peptides of less than 20 amino acids long.
C) does both A and B.
D) does not involve any of the above.

Question 17

T cells recognize antigens with their

A) antibodies.
B) M proteins.
C) leukocidins.
D) T cell receptors.

Question 18

Phagocytes have a pathogen- recognition system known as that leads to the recognition, containment, and destruction of a pathogen.

A) collagen
B) fibrin
C) pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)
D) pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

Question 19

An effective inflammatory response may result in all of the following EXCEPT

A) destroying damaged cells at infection sites.
B) limiting tissue damage.
C) destroying pathogen invaders.
D) none of the above.

Question 20

Which of the following enzymes are secreted by TH1 to activate macrophages?

A) TNF- a
B) interferon gamma
C) granulocyte- monocyte colony stimulating factor
D) all of the above

Question 21

A cross- reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR and

A) homologous antigen.
B) heterologous antigen.
C) either a heterologous or homologous antigen.
D) none of the above.

Question 22

The increased rate of O2 uptake by activated phagocytes is called the .

Question 23

M. tuberculosis uses its cell wall to absorb hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions.

Question 24

Which of the following are found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells?

A) Class I MHC proteins
B) G proteins
C) Class II MHC proteins
D) M proteins

Question 25

The antigen that induces an antibody or TCR is called the _.

Question 26

Proteins derived from infecting viruses are taken up and digested in the cytoplasm in a structure called the _ .

Question 27

Antigen presenting cells present antigens to .

Question 28

Natural killer cells like Tc cells use and granzymes to kill their targets without prior exposure or contact with the foreign cells.

A) M protein
B) perforin
C) coagulants
D) all of the above

Question 29

Major histocompatibility complex proteins in humans are called .

Question 30

Which of the following are phagocytes?

A) monocytes
B) dendritic cells
C) neutrophils
D) all of the above

Question 31

The primary function of a phagocyte is to

A) evade pathogens.
B) engulf pathogens.
C) destroy pathogens.
D) both engulf and destroy pathogens.

Question 32

Three extrinsic factors important for immunogens include the _ _, the routes of administration, and the foreign nature of the immunogen to the host.

Question 33

Antigen presenting cells process pathogen components into smaller pieces called

A) pus.
B) antigens.
C) antibodies.
D) leukocidins.

Question 34

Some intracellular pathogens produce phagocyte- killing proteins called _, which kill a phagocyte after ingesting the pathogen.

A) M protein
B) glycolipids
C) pus
D) leukocidins

Question 35

In class switching in the secondary antibody response, the most common antibody switch is from

A) IgM to IgG.
B) IgA to IgD.
C) IgD to IgE.
D) none of the above.

Question 36

When dendritic cells ingest antigen, they migrate to the , where they present the antigen to T lymphocytes.

Question 37

The first cell type active in the innate response is usually a(n) .

Question 38

Oxygen compounds toxic to pathogens include

A) hydrogen peroxide.
B) nitric oxide.
C) hypochlorus acid.
D) all of the above.

Question 39

The most common circulating antibody, comprising about 80% of the serum immunoglobin, is

A) IgG.
B) IgA.
C) IgC.
D) IgD.

Question 40

Pattern- recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize a(n) on a microbial cell or virus.

Question 41

The PAMP-PRR interaction can trigger the production of toxic oxygen compounds that can cause pathogen death.

Question 42

Extremely high or low doses of an immunogen may suppress a specific immune response by stimulating the development of .

Question 43

When granzymes enter a target cell, the target cell undergoes .

Question 44

An antibody or TCR interacts with a distinct portion of an antigenic molecule called an antigenic .

Question 45

NK cells exhibit memory after interaction with target cells.

Question 46

T cell- target cell interactions induce specialized Tc cells to produce that kill virus infected target cells.

Question 47

The adaptive immune response, as compared to the innate response, takes longer to provide effective immunity.

Question 48

Complex polysaccharides that are not recognized by TCRs may be bound by immunoglobulin receptors on .

Question 49

Localized infections by pyogenic bacteria often form boils or abscesses.

Question 50

Staphylococcus aureus produces carotenoids that neutralize singlet oxygen and prevent killing.

Question 51

Organisms such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, major leukocidin producers, are called _ pathogens.

Question 52

Inflammation is the usual outcome of an adaptive immune response but not an innate immune response.

Question 53

The deactivation of NK cells due to binding of NK receptors to MHC I proteins is called
.

Question 54

The inducing antigens that react with an antibody are called heterologous antigens.

Question 55

Self- reactive T cells are eliminated during the development of tolerance in the immune system.

Question 56

In the adaptive immune response, effective immunity cannot be detected for several days after the first contact with the pathogen.

Question 57

Injections given by parenteral routes, usually by injection, are normally more effective than those given topically or orally.

Question 58

Serum containing antigenic specific antibodies is called .

Question 59

TC cells express a(n) protein coreceptor.

Question 60

Substances that induce an immune response are known as _ .

Question 61

CD4 and CD8 proteins are used for in vitro tests as T cell markers to differentiate TH cells from TC cells.

Question 62

Class I MHC proteins are found only on the surface of B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Question 63

The presence of neutrophils in higher than normal numbers in the blood or at a site of inflammation indicates an active response to a current infection.

Question 64

Why must the adaptive immune system develop a capacity to discriminate between foreign antigens and host antigens?

Question 65

Briefly describe how a phagocyte engulfs and ingests a pathogen.

Question 66

PRRs were first observed in phagocytes in Drosophila where they are called Toll receptors.

Question 67

The peptidoglycan of gram- negative cell walls is highly exposed and interacts with TLR- 2.

Question 68

What are the major antigenic barriers for tissue transplantation from one individual to another?

Question 69

T cell receptors on a particular T cell can recognize more than two antigens.

Question 70

How is immune memory beneficial to a host organism?

Question 71

Nonencapsulated strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are highly virulent.

Question 72

Monocytes are circulating precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells.

Question 73

Dead phagocytes make up much of the material of pus.

Question 74

Haptens cannot bind to or induce an immune response but can bind to antibodies.

Question 75

All antigens are immunogens.

Question 76

HLAs are responsible for immune- mediated organ transplant rejection.

Question 77

Tolerance is the acquired ability to make an adaptive immune response directed to self antigens.

Question 78

Briefly describe how B cells are activated.

Question 79

Bacterial capsules enhance the adherence of phagocytes to bacterial cell walls, thereby promoting phagocytosis.

Question 80

TCRs recognize epitopes only after the immunogens have been partially degraded.