Deck 2: A Brief Journey to the Microbial World

Question 1

In a lichen, the is the phototrophic component, and the provides the phototroph with an anchor and with protection from the elements.

A) fungus / alga
B) fungus / cyanobacterium
C) alga / cyanobacterium
D) alga or cyanobacterium / fungus

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Cyanobacteria are most closely related to the

A) gram- negative Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Eukarya.
D) gram- positive Bacteria.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Why is the presence of a cell wall significant from a clinical standpoint?

A) Animal cells do not have cell walls, so antibiotics that target cell walls can destroy invading microorganisms.
B) All types of cells have a cell wall, and it makes identification of the causative agent of disease difficult.
C) Only gram- negative Bacteria have cell walls.
D) The cell wall protects microorganisms from destruction by the immune system.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Gram stain differentiates bacterial cells into gram positive and gram negative based on differences in the

A) genomic content.
B) cell's metabolic capabilities.
C) presence of a plasmid.
D) cell wall structure.

Question 5

Which of the following groups of organisms is NOT gram positive?

A) Clostridium
B) Lactobacillus
C) Streptococcus
D) Pseudomonas

Question 6

Protein- coding sequences of DNA are known as

A) genes.
B) RNA segments.
C) histones.
D) chromosomes.

Question 7

Prokaryotes are made up of which two groups?

A) Archaea and fungi
B) protozoa and animals
C) Bacteria and Archaea
D) Bacteria and fungi

Question 8

According to our present understanding, mitochondria and chloroplasts are in origin.

A) eukaryotic
B) viral
C) archaeal
D) bacterial

Question 9

The model organism for microbial physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology is

A) Escherichia coli.
B) Azotobacter sp.
C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
D) Candida albicans.

Question 10

Which of the following organisms lives within the host cell as a means of avoiding destruction by the host's immune response?

A) Chloroflexus sp.
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C) Deinococcus radiodurans
D) Streptococcus sp.

Question 11

The eukaryotic fruiting body is generally associated with the

A) slime mold.
B) trypanosome.
C) Paramecium.
D) yeast.

Question 12

Disease- causing prokaryotes are found exclusively among the

A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) fungi.
D) viruses.

Question 13

What type of energy- yielding metabolism is found ONLY in prokaryotes?

A) autotrophy
B) chemolithotrophy
C) phototrophy
D) chemoorganotrophy

Question 14

Bacteria stain as gram positive or gram negative because of differences in the cell

A) cytoplasm.
B) chromosome.
C) nucleus.
D) wall.

Question 15

Early branching Eukarya lack

A) nuclei.
B) mitochondria.
C) genetic material.
D) ribosomes.

Question 16

The most common type of microscopy for laboratory courses in biology and microbiology is done with the

A) electron microscope.
B) bright- field microscope.
C) phase- contrast microscope.
D) dark- field microscope.

Question 17

Which statement is TRUE about the genus Natronobacterium?

A) They are halophilic and acidophilic.
B) They are acidophilic but not halophilic.
C) They are halophilic and alkaliphilic.
D) They are alkaliphilic but not halophilic.

Question 18

If the magnification of an ocular lens of a particular microscope is 10× and the magnification of the objective on the same microscope is 47×, the total magnification achieved is

A) 470×.
B) 4,700×.
C) 57×.
D) 4.7×.

Question 19

In relation to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are generally

A) smaller.
B) about the same size.
C) larger.
D) There is no general rule about comparative cell size.

Question 20

Which statement is TRUE?

A) All synthetic and most natural compounds can be broken down by one or more microorganisms.
B) All natural and most synthetic compounds can be broken down by one or more microorganisms.
C) Most natural and most synthetic compounds can be broken down by one or more microorganisms.
D) All natural and all synthetic compounds can be broken down by one or more microorganisms.

Question 21

The presence of membrane- enclosed organelles is a characteristic of

A) prokaryotic cells.
B) all cells.
C) eukaryotic cells.
D) viruses.

Question 22

Ribosomal RNA- based studies reveal that

A) all organisms are thought to have diverged from a common ancestral organism (LUCA) or community of organisms.
B) all prokaryotic organisms are related but that all eukaryotic organisms are not necessarily related.
C) all eukaryotic organisms are related but that all prokaryotic organisms are not necessarily related.
D) the Archaea are most closely related to the viruses.

Question 23

When the oil- immersion lens is used,

A) light rays are scattered so unnecessary background material is not seen.
B) light rays are collected to increase clarity.
C) magnification of objects is increased by about tenfold.
D) objects are held in place on the microscope slide.

Question 24

In which of the following habitats might an extremophile be isolated?

A) human skin
B) garden soil at neutral pH
C) boiling hot springs
D) freshwater pond

Question 25

Paired chromosomes are found in

A) Archaea.
B) bacteria.
C) viruses.
D) eukaryotes.

Question 26

Syphilis and Lyme disease are both caused by

A) endospores from the Bacillus group.
B) toxins from the Streptomyces.
C) mycoplasmas.
D) spirochetes.

Question 27

A tiny stylus positioned so close to a specimen that weak repulsive forces are established is used in

A) dark- field microscopy.
B) atomic force microscopy.
C) confocal scanning laser microscopy.
D) none of the above.

Question 28

Cyanobacteria and their phylogenetic relatives undergo a process known as in which molecular oxygen is liberated.

Question 29

Mechanisms for controlling gene expression are found

A) in some but not all prokaryotes and in some but not all eukaryotes.
B) in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
C) only in eukaryotes.
D) only in prokaryotes.

Question 30

Fluorescent microscopy is commonly used in

A) the detection of chemical contaminants in a solution.
B) radiation biology.
C) cancer therapy.
D) clinical diagnostic microbiology.

Question 31

The ultimate limit of what we are able to see with a microscope is dictated by

A) visual acuity.
B) resolution.
C) light intensity.
D) magnification.

Question 32

How was it determined that mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes are actually ancestors of specific lineages of Bacteria?

A) visual inspection
B) evolutionary studies
C) clinical diagnosis
D) molecular sequencing

Question 33

What type of microscopy has found widespread use in microbial ecology because of its ability to resolve the different layered components of a biofilm?

A) confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM)
B) dark- field microscopy
C) differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy
D) scanning electron microscopy

Question 34

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Both yeasts and molds are fungi.
B) Both yeasts and molds are degenerate plants.
C) Yeasts are fungi, whereas molds are degenerate plants.
D) Yeasts are degenerate plants, whereas molds are fungi.

Question 35

At the present time, _ phyla of the Archaea have been identified.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 36

Organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are

A) viruses.
B) Bacteria.
C) Archaea.
D) fungi.

Question 37

Which organism has unusual cell walls, can reassemble its chromosome after it has been damaged, and has an innate resistance to high levels of radiation?

A) Deinococcus
B) Chlamydia
C) Lactobacillus
D) Pseudomonas

Question 38

The cytoplasmic membrane is the

A) structure that identifies a cell as eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
B) permeability barrier of the cell.
C) source of nutrient production.
D) primary support structure of the cell.

Question 39

RNA- based phylogenies have influenced which subdiscipline(s) of microbiology?

A) clinical diagnostics
B) microbial ecology
C) microbial classification
D) all of the above

Question 40

The function of the chloroplast is to _ .

Question 41

The three options by which an organism may obtain energy are: , _, and
.

Question 42

The entire span of heritable nucleotides, both protein- encoding and non- encoding regions, in an organism is collectively called the .

Question 43

The evolutionary relationships between organisms are studied in the science of .

Question 44

are a specialized cell type found in certain filamentous cyanobacteria that carry out a globally important process known as _ .

Question 45

A eukaryotic, chlorophyll- containing organism that can live in environments containing only a few minerals, water, carbon dioxide, and light is a(n) .

Question 46

The largest division (or phylum) of Bacteria is the _ .

Question 47

Light microscopy is an effective way of viewing objects in three dimensions.

Question 48

A cell that uses carbon dioxide as its carbon source is a(n) .

Question 49

The provides structural strength to plant cells and most microorganisms.

Question 50

The measure of the light- gathering ability of the objective lens is known as the .

Question 51

The commonality linking the Aquifex and Thermotoga species is .

Question 52

The unique feature of the mycoplasmas is the .

Question 53

Two major roles of fungi are and .

Question 54

The Picrophilus are the most alkaliphilic prokaryotes known.

Question 55

The two eukaryotic organelles involved in energy generation are and .

Question 56

One major difference between chromosomes and plasmids is that plasmids generally contain rather than genes.

Question 57

To say that an organism is an "obligate intracellular parasite" means _ .

Question 58

Lichens are called mutualistic organisms because _ .

Question 59

The distinct feature of the Planctomyces group is a(n) .

Question 60

The difference between chemoorganotrophy and chemolithotrophy is .

Question 61

Phototrophs use light as an energy source.

Question 62

Meiosis is the process by which haploid gametes are formed.

Question 63

The cyanobacteria were the first oxygenic phototrophs to evolve on Earth.

Question 64

Endosymbiosis is an explanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

Question 65

The waste products of chemoorganotrophs are often used for energy by chemolithotrophs.

Question 66

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM).

Question 67

Ribosomes function primarily in energy production.

Question 68

Microorganisms today are probably a degeneration of the earliest life forms.

Question 69

Organisms of the genus Halobacterium can grow within salt crystals.

Question 70

Prokaryotic chromosomes are generally linear.

Question 71

All known Archaea are extremophiles of one sort or another.

Question 72

In phase- contrast microscopy, the differences in refractive indices between organisms and their environments are utilized for better viewing of living specimens.

Question 73

The genus Chlamydia harbors respiratory and sexually transmitted pathogens of humans.

Question 74

In bright- field microscopy, contrast differences arise because different cells and cellular components absorb and scatter light in varying degrees.

Question 75

Ribosomal RNAs can be used to study phylogenetic relationships between organisms.

Question 76

Viruses necessarily cause disease in the organisms they infect.

Question 77

A differential stain is called "differential" because it does not stain all kinds of cells the same color.

Question 78

Explain why primary producers, especially those that undergo oxygenic photosynthesis, are essential for life on Earth.

Question 79

The evolutionary significance of extreme thermophiles may be that they are modern descendants of very ancient cell lines dating back to a time when the planet was very warm.

Question 80

Species of Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria.