Deck 15: Commercial Products and Biotechnology

Question 1

Microbes capable of growth on corn steep liquor and whey are favored in industry, because the

A) media contain all necessary vitamins, which otherwise must be supplemented and are costly.
B) microbes do not produce toxins when grown on these media.
C) media are cheap waste products of other industrial processes.
D) media are not harmful to the environment.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A metabolite excreted by a microorganism during exponential growth is called a(n)

A) primary metabolite.
B) exoenzyme.
C) immobilized enzyme.
D) secondary metabolite.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first genetically modified crop to be grown commercially was

A) soybeans.
B) tobacco.
C) cotton.
D) corn.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Eukaryotic mRNA is identifiable because of

A) poly(A) tails at the 3' end.
B) poly(T) fragments at either end.
C) poly(A) tails at the 5' end.
D) all of the above.

Question 5

Which type of microorganism produces most of the known antibiotics?

A) fungi and gram- positive, endospore- forming Bacteria
B) gram- negative Bacteria and fungi
C) gram- positive, endospore- forming Bacteria and actinomycetes
D) filamentous fungi and Bacteria of the actinomycete group

Question 6

In a typical mammalian cell, what percentage of the RNA is ribosomal RNA?

A) 80- 85%
B) 25- 50%
C) 1- 5%
D) 10- 15%

Question 7

The aqueous mixture formed after cooking and steeping certain grains is called

A) malt.
B) wort.
C) hops.
D) whiskey.

Question 8

Biotechnology

A) has been used by humankind since the dawn of civilization.
B) implies that the producing organisms being used have been genetically altered or genetically engineered.
C) is the use of living organisms for industrial or commercial applications.
D) comprises all of the above.

Question 9

What process follows fermentation to obtain higher concentrations of ethanol in high alcohol content beverages?

A) distillation
B) mashing
C) malolactic fermentation
D) immobilization

Question 10

Malolactic acid fermentation occurs in and is performed to the acidity in wines.

A) lactic acid bacteria / minimize
B) lactic acid bacteria / maximize
C) yeast / minimize
D) yeast / maximize

Question 11

Which microorganism is currently the primary producer of bioethanol in the United States?

A) Saccharomyces ellipsoideus
B) Escherichia coli (genetically modified)
C) Botryococcus braunii
D) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 12

Genetically modified organisms are made to lack proteases when the product is a(n)

A) human hormone.
B) protein.
C) antibiotic.
D) extremozyme.

Question 13

Compared to commercial wine yeasts, wild yeasts are

A) variable according to species as far as alcohol tolerance is concerned.
B) less alcohol tolerant.
C) about equally alcohol tolerant.
D) more alcohol tolerant.

Question 14

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is

A) used in heart patients or others suffering from poor circulation.
B) administered to prevent the development of blood clots following some surgeries.
C) a blood protein that scavenges and dissolves blood clots.
D) all of the above.

Question 15

Bt- toxin is an example of a product produced in bulk quantities with the function of being a(n)

A) anti- viral.
B) anti- fungal.
C) anti- bacterial.
D) insecticide.

Question 16

The first commercialized product from genetic engineering was

A) interferon.
B) vaccines.
C) vitamin C.
D) human insulin.

Question 17

The vaccinia virus has been used for over 100 years as a vaccine against

A) edelenpox.
B) smallpox.
C) chickenpox.
D) cowpox.

Question 18

Most vitamins are made commercially by

A) a genetically engineered Escherichia coli strain.
B) chemical synthesis.
C) biochemical fermentation.
D) both A and B.

Question 19

Secondary metabolites appear during which of the following stages?

A) at, near, or in the lag phase
B) at, near, or in the death phase
C) at, near, or in the exponential phase
D) at, near, or in the stationary phase

Question 20

A vector containing two ends of the T- DNA flanking a multiple cloning site and an antibiotic resistance marker that can be used in plants is called a

A) plasmo- transfer vector.
B) T- DNA vector.
C) conjugative vector.
D) binary vector.

Question 21

Gasohol is a mixture containing % of and % of .

Question 22

To overexpress cDNA in a plasmid, and other _ must be present in the expression vector.

Question 23

Beer involves fermentation of , while wine is the fermentation product of
.

Question 24

A mixture of germinated barley seeds containing natural enzymes that convert starch to sugar is called .

Question 25

are needed to express eukaryotic genes in bacteria.

Question 26

A hydrophobic- rich peptide that enables transport of a protein across the cytoplasmic membrane is known as a(n) .

Question 27

Ales are produced through fermenting yeasts at temperatures than lagers that are made with _ fermenting yeasts.

Question 28

Three reasons why genetically engineered vaccines are becoming more common are
, _ _, and _ .

Question 29

Traditionally, antibiotics were discovered by

A) searching for specific chemical structures.
B) assaying microorganisms obtained from nature for diffusible antibacterial materials.
C) chemical synthesis.
D) modifying existing antibiotics.

Question 30

If one deletes genes involved in virulence but leaves those whose products elicit an immune response, the resultant vaccine is classified as a(n) .

Question 31

The advantage cDNA has over double- stranded eukaryotic DNA is that cDNA lacks
.

Question 32

Chemical genetic synthesis allows construction of _ that may make useful new proteins.

Question 33

Which enzymes are commonly found in laundry detergents to help remove stains?

A) lipases
B) proteases
C) amylases
D) all of the above

Question 34

Exoenzymes are catalytic proteins that are

A) products released in response to an added chemical stimulus during the end of growth.
B) excreted outside of the cells into the medium.
C) often coordinately synthesized with other bioproducts in bulk quantities as waste products.
D) usually removed from a genetically modified organism to maximize product yields.

Question 35

are substances that elicit immunity to a particular disease when injected into an animal.

Question 36

The use of transgenic animals to produce pharmaceutical products is called .

Question 37

Almost all the genetically modified soybeans and canola planted in 2005 were resistant, whereas the corn and cotton were resistant or resistant, or both.

Question 38

The Orleans method refers to the production of

A) vinegar.
B) corn steep.
C) beer.
D) amino acids.

Question 39

Subunit vaccines contain rather than from the pathogen.

Question 40

A gene from one organism that has been inserted into another organism is called a(n)

A) mobilized gene.
B) transgene.
C) clone gene.
D) T- DNA gene.

Question 41

A wine where nearly all sugar has been fermented into ethanol is called a(n) wine. When an alcoholic spirit has been added to a wine, it is considered a(n) wine.

Question 42

An industrial fermentor for large- scaled microbial growth does not require fermentation (biochemically) to occur.

Question 43

Genes that encode for can be overexpressed in genetically modified organism to ensure that the overproduced protein product is properly folded.

Question 44

Reverse transcription uses _ as template to create _ that transcripts can be used in cloning.

Question 45

In producing synthetic DNA, it is essential to have the complete sequence of the protein encoded by the gene.

Question 46

The use of genetic engineering to treat human genetic diseases as well as to attack cancer cells is known as .

Question 47

Although many prokaryotic proteins are made by protease cleavage of larger precursors, this practice does not occur in mammalian cells.

Question 48

Scientists have been able to treat symptoms of cystic fibrosis patients by administering
and .

Question 49

The immune response to a DNA vaccine is actually an immune response made against the
.

Question 50

Eukaryotic mRNA contains at the 3' end, which allows for easy separation if a cell extract is passed over a chromatographic column containing strands of poly(T) linked to a cellulose support.

Question 51

Large industrial fermenters use internal coils for sterilization when heat jackets are insufficient.

Question 52

The fermentation process to form an ale requires a different species than those used in making lagers.

Question 53

Chemicals that are extracted from grape leaves such as _ give _ - colored wines a strong flavor.

Question 54

The Ti vector system that has been used for the transfer of genes to plants is a binary vector that can replicate in both _ and .

Question 55

All transgenic animals are also considered genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Question 56

Gene therapy of diseases caused by mutations in one gene has been very effective in cows but has not yet been demonstrated in humans.

Question 57

DNA vaccines use the genetic material of the pathogen itself to immunize the individual.

Question 58

Knockout mice have at least one gene inactivated from a multicopy gene by genetic engineering.

Question 59

It generally takes 15 years for an antibiotic to go from its discovery to it being available in a pharmacy.

Question 60

The presence of lipopolysaccharides in genetically engineered human proteins has the potential to elicit a toxic response in humans.

Question 61

The use of transgenic animals to produce proteins of pharmaceutical value is known as pathway engineering.

Question 62

It is possible to clone a eukaryotic gene through its mature mRNA.

Question 63

By definition, a wine is a beverage made from fermentation of grapes or grape products.

Question 64

Edible vaccines, where genetically modified foods are expected to serve as vaccines for diseases such as cholera, are now in the development stages.

Question 65

There are strict regulations that limit pyrogen content to be safe for humans only when at or below 1% of the total product formed from transgenic microorganisms.

Question 66

Explain the role of the Ti plasmid in agricultural genetic engineering as well as its natural role in the environment.

Question 67

Describe a major problem in scaling up from a small batch culture in the lab to a large- scaled fermentor. Also explain how the problem is assuaged or avoided.

Question 68

Some bacterial mechanisms that function to incorporate foreign DNA create difficulties when overproducing pharmaceutical drugs.

Question 69

The EnviropigTM has been genetically modified to minimize algal blooms and fish die offs.

Question 70

Discuss several uses of genetic engineering in the food industry.

Question 71

The presence of inclusion bodies within cells often suggests there is a problem with proteins folding properly.

Question 72

Considering the degeneracy of the genetic code, describe one consideration to be aware of during the design of an amino acid probe for the detection of a specific protein.

Question 73

Enzymes from acidophilic bacteria (especially Bacillus licheniformis) are useful additives to laundry detergents that have a pH of around 3- 5.

Question 74

Plants can be engineered to express mammalian proteins.

Question 75

Explain why DNA (or RNA) vaccines would escape the surveillance of the host's immune system.

Question 76

The juice from crushed grapes is called pomace.

Question 77

Computational biology has become sophisticated enough that many modern drug discoveries mathematically model drug- target interactions.

Question 78

Yeasts are primarily used to make wines and distilled beverages, while bacteria are mostly used to brew beers.

Question 79

All penicillins contain a characteristic fi- lactam ring.

Question 80

How is recombinant viral technology being used to fight malaria? Include mention of the organism, Plasmodium vivax.