Deck 21: The Urinary System

Question 1

The first portion of the renal tubule emerging from the glomerular capsule is the

A)collecting duct
B)papillary duct
C)proximal convoluted tubule
D)distal convoluted tubule
E)nephron loop

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Most glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the

A)proximal convoluted tubule.
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)ascending limb of the nephron loop.
D)descending limb of the nephron loop.
E)collecting duct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The renal pyramids are located in the

A)renal cortex
B)renal medulla
C)urinary bladder
D)renal pelvis
E)renal papilla

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Tubular secretion can be used to eliminate _____ from the blood at a faster rate than it enters the filtrate.

A)potassium ions
B)hydrogen ions
C)ammonium ions
D)penicillin
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 5

All of the following transport processes are commonly used in tubular reabsorption EXCEPT

A)osmosis
B)diffusion
C)filtration
D)active transport
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 6

The first step in urine formation is

A)tubular secretion
B)secretion of ADH
C)tubular reabsorption
D)urinary excretion
E)glomerular filtration

Question 7

Which of the following substances is found in plasma but is not usually in the tubular fluid?

A)nitrogenous wastes
B)large proteins
C)vitamins
D)water
E)amino acids

Question 8

On average, a normal adult excretes _____ liters of urine per day.

A)1 to 2
B)2 to 3
C)3 to 4
D)4 to 5
E)< 1

Question 9

The distal convoluted tubules empty directly into the

A)minor calyx
B)nephron loop
C)major calyx
D)renal pelvis
E)collecting duct

Question 10

Together with the skin and the liver, the kidneys help synthesize _____, which is the active form of vitamin D.

A)calcitonin
B)calcitriol
C)erythropoietin
D)renin
E)angiotensin

Question 11

The functions of the kidneys include

A)regulation of blood volume.
B)control of blood pressure.
C)secretion of erythropoietin.
D)regulation of blood pH.
E)all of the choices are correct.

Question 12

The interlobar arteries divide into the

A)cortical radiate arteries
B)afferent arterioles
C)segmental arteries
D)arcuate arteries
E)peritubular capillaries

Question 13

The small blood vessel carrying blood directly out of the glomerulus is the

A)renal vein
B)renal artery
C)peritubular capillary
D)efferent arteriole
E)afferent arteriole

Question 14

The functional units of the kidneys are called

A)glomeruli
B)calyces
C)nephrons
D)corpuscles
E)tubules

Question 15

The glomerular filtration rate in a normal adult male is about

A)250 liters a day
B)210 liters a day
C)180 liters a day
D)120 liters a day
E)80 liters a day

Question 16

Which of the following represents the correct order of anatomical structures found in a nephron?

A)glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
B)proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule
C)glomerular capsule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule
D)distal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop
E)glomerular capsule, nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

Question 17

The peritubular capillaries drain directly into the

A)arcuate veins
B)cortical radiate veins
C)interlobar veins
D)segmental veins
E)renal vein

Question 18

The specialized epithelial cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule are called

A)macula densa
B)podocytes
C)glomerular cells
D)juxtaglomerular cells
E)capsular epithelial cells

Question 19

The glomerular (Bowman's)capsule is part of the

A)renal pyramid
B)renal corpuscle
C)renal tubule
D)renal pelvis
E)minor calyx

Question 20

All of the following are components of the urinary system EXCEPT the

A)urethra
B)ureter
C)urinary bladder
D)prostate gland
E)kidneys

Question 21

When ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary gland is maximal, the kidneys will produce

A)1 to 2 liters of dilute urine per day.
B)5 to 6 liters of dilute urine per day.
C)1 to 2 liters of concentrated urine per day.
D)90 to 180 liters of dilute urine per day.
E)0.4 to 0.5 liters of very concentrated urine per day.

Question 22

From the collecting ducts of the nephrons, urine drains directly into the

A)renal pelvis
B)urinary bladder
C)minor calyces
D)major calyces
E)ureter

Question 23

Substances that do not normally filter from the blood into the glomerular capsule include

A)positively charged ions like sodium.
B)negatively charged ions like chloride.
C)plasma proteins.
D)water molecules.
E)nitrogenous wastes.

Question 24

All of the following are solutes normally found in urine EXCEPT

A)urea
B)creatinine
C)albumin
D)uric acid
E)sodium ions

Question 25

The process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra is called

A)retention
B)defecation
C)micturition
D)filtration
E)expectoration

Question 26

The average capacity of the urinary bladder of an adult male is

A)100 to 200 mL
B)300 to 400 mL
C)500 to 600 mL
D)700 to 800 mL
E)900 to 1000 mL

Question 27

What percentage of the volume of normal urine is water?

A)95%
B)87%
C)80%
D)75%
E)50%

Question 28

Which of the following chemicals is not normally found in the urine of a healthy individual?

A)urea
B)uric acid
C)sodium
D)glucose
E)H⁺

Question 29

Which of the following lists contains the correct order of fluid flow through the urinary system?

A)PCT, nephron loop, collecting duct, DCT, renal pelvis, calyces, ureter
B)DCT, nephron loop, PCT, calyces, collecting duct, renal pelvis
C)DCT, PCT, collecting duct, nephron loop, calyces, ureter, renal pelvis
D)ACT, SAT, GRE, DDT
E)PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct, calyces, renal pelvis, ureters

Question 30

The urinary bladder is lined by

A)pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B)transitional epithelium
C)stratified squamous epithelium
D)simple cuboidal epithelium
E)ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 31

The terminal portion of the urinary system consists of a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body called the

A)uvula
B)external urethral orifice
C)ureter
D)urethra
E)collecting duct

Question 32

Increased secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland promotes

A)tubular reabsorption of water.
B)tubular secretion of potassium ions.
C)tubular reabsorption of calcium ions.
D)tubular secretion of sodium ions.
E)all of the choices are correct.

Question 33

Uric acid is a waste product formed from the catabolism of

A)creatine phosphate
B)amino acids
C)nucleic acids
D)carbohydrates
E)fatty acids

Question 34

The tubular structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the

A)ureter
B)urethra
C)renal pelvis
D)collecting duct
E)calyx

Question 35

Which of the following hormones increase reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts by stimulating insertion of water channels into the membranes of tubule cells?

A)renin
B)ADH
C)aldosterone
D)insulin
E)angiotensin

Question 36

Which of the following structures found in the kidney is the site where filtration of the blood occurs?

A)renal calyx
B)renal hilum
C)renal corpuscle
D)renal tubule
E)renal artery

Question 37

Which of the following beverages contain diuretics that inhibit ADH secretion?

A)coffee
B)tea
C)beer
D)wine
E)both beer and wine

Question 38

Which of the following forces are used to move urine from the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A)peristalsis
B)fluid pressure of urine
C)gravity
D)all of the choices are correct
E)none of the choices is correct

Question 39

The medical term for bedwetting is nocturnal

A)enuresis
B)anuria
C)diuresis
D)dysuria
E)azotemia

Question 40

On average, renal blood flow declines by _____ between the ages of 40 and 70.

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%
E)60%

Question 41

The major work of urine formation is performed by the nephrons.

Question 42

Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney is referred to as

A)polycystic kidney disease
B)glomerulonephritis
C)cystitis
D)pyelonephritis
E)uronephritis

Question 43

"Scanty" urine production of about 50 to 250 ml per day is called

A)anuria
B)dysuria
C)ketonuria
D)oliguria
E)glucosuria

Question 44

The double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries and collects the filtrate is called the

A)nephron loop
B)calyx
C)glomerular (Bowman's)capsule
D)glomerulus
E)hilum

Question 45

Obstructions, such as a kidney stone blocking a ureter, decrease net filtration pressure leading to decreased urine production.

Question 46

Females are more susceptible to UTIs than males because they have

A)a weaker immune system.
B)more nephrons.
C)shorter ureters.
D)a shorter urethra.
E)a weaker internal urethral sphincter.

Question 47

A physician that specializes in the branch of medicine focusing on problems of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system is called a/an

A)nephrologist
B)urologist
C)proctologist
D)gastroenterologist
E)cardiologist

Question 48

The renal corpuscle filters components of blood plasma into the glomerular capsule.

Question 49

Which of the following hormones would be released in a person that has recently ingested 10 cups of water?

A)aldosterone
B)ADH
C)insulin
D)ANP
E)angiotensin II

Question 50

The blood pressure in the glomerulus can be increased by vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole.

Question 51

Which of the following steps help prevent UTIs in females?

A)When bathing, wash from front to back.
B)Drink more fluids including cranberry and blueberry juice.
C)Avoid deodorant tampons and sanitary napkins.
D)Void urine from bladder frequently.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 52

The glomerular filtration rate is exclusively regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 53

What prevents backflow of urine into the ureters when the pressure inside the urinary bladder increases during micturition?

A)the internal ureteral sphincter muscle
B)high fluid pressure in the renal pelvis
C)a physiological valve created at the distal ends of the ureters as they pass under the urinary bladder
D)continued active peristalsis of the ureter during urination
E)gravity

Question 54

An inherited disorder characterized by the formation of cysts in the kidney tubules is referred to as

A)renal failure
B)glomerulonephritis
C)polycystic kidney disease
D)nocturnal enuresis
E)cystic fibrosis

Question 55

The proximal convoluted tubules are continuous with the ascending limb of the nephron loop.

Question 56

The renal columns are part of the renal pyramids.

Question 57

The opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter is involuntary.

Question 58

The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by adjusting blood volume.

Question 59

An increase in the osmolarity of body fluids due to dehydration is sensed by osmoreceptors in the _____ leading to the release of _____ from the posterior pituitary gland.

A)posterior pituitary gland, ADH
B)anterior pituitary gland, ACTH
C)hypothalamus, ADH
D)hypothalamus, aldosterone
E)hypothalamus, ACTH

Question 60

The urethra is the tube connecting a kidney with the urinary bladder.

Question 61

After the tubular fluid reaches the renal pelvis, its composition will not significantly change and it will be excreted from the body as urine.

Question 62

Urine volume is influenced by blood pressure.

Question 63

Urine is filtered out of the blood by the urinary bladder.

Question 64

Like the digestive system, the urinary system has a series of two sphincters at its terminus. The first sphincter consists of smooth muscle under involuntary control, and the second sphincter consists of skeletal muscle under voluntary control.

Question 65

Name the components of a nephron in correct order, starting with the glomerulus.

Question 66

The route of blood flow through the kidneys is as follows: renal artery - several smaller arteries - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - several veins - renal vein.

Question 67

Sympathetic stimulation of the afferent and efferent arterioles during exercise leads to increased net filtration pressure and decreased urinary output.

Question 68

Tubular secretion involves the movement of solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries.

Question 69

List the major functions of the kidneys.

Question 70

Urinary tract infections and dysuria are less common in the elderly.

Question 71

The glomerular filtration rate fluctuates directly with changes in blood pressure, so if blood pressure increases then GFR increases, or if blood pressure decreases then GFR decreases.

Question 72

Define glomerular filtration rate.

Question 73

The filtrate formed in the glomerular capsule moves into the proximal convoluted tubule and then the nephron loop. It then travels through the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting tubules, which empty into the calyces and finally the renal pelvis. From there, urine goes through the ureters to urinary bladder and eventually out the urethra.

Question 74

The kidneys control the rate of red blood cell production using a hormone called erythropoietin.

Question 75

The number of functional nephrons continually decreases throughout life because damaged or diseased nephrons are not replaced by new ones.

Question 76

The two most important hormonal regulators of ion secretion and reabsorption are angiotensin II and antidiuretic hormone.

Question 77

Constriction of the efferent arteriole increases blood pressure in the glomerulus, which increases GFR.

Question 78

Nocturnal enuresis and nocturia are terms that refer to separate disorders.

Question 79

An x-ray of the kidney taken after injecting dye into the veins is called an intravenous pyelogram.

Question 80

Children less than 2 years of age cannot control the micturition reflex because they lack the external urethral sphincter.