Deck 22: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)potassium
D)magnesium
E)hydrogen

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Water is lost from the body through the

A)kidneys
B)gastrointestinal tract
C)lungs
D)skin
E)all of the choices are correct

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The type of body fluid found inside cells is called

A)plasma
B)extracellular fluid
C)interstitial fluid
D)intracellular fluid
E)water

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In lean adults, body fluid makes up about ____% of total body mass.

A)30-40
B)45-50
C)55-60
D)65-70
E)85-90

Question 5

In response to increased blood volume, ANP is secreted by cells in the

A)kidneys
B)adrenal glands
C)pituitary gland
D)hypothalamus
E)heart

Question 6

All of the following hormones are involved in regulation of fluid balance in the body EXCEPT

A)ADH
B)ANP
C)CCK
D)angiotensin II
E)aldosterone

Question 7

All of the following are signs and symptoms of hyponatremia EXCEPT

A)intense thirst
B)muscular weakness
C)dizziness
D)hypotension
E)tachycardia

Question 8

Peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, aqueous humor, endolymph, and perilymph are all considered to be

A)intracellular fluids
B)extracellular fluids
C)interstitial fluids
D)both extracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
E)none of the choices is correct

Question 9

Under normal conditions, daily water loss from the body is approximately

A)200 ml/day
B)2500 ml/day
C)400 ml/day
D)1500 ml/day
E)4300 ml/day

Question 10

The thirst center is located in the

A)medulla oblongata
B)hypothalamus
C)posterior pituitary gland
D)kidney
E)GI tract

Question 11

The dehydration sensors in the body stimulate the thirst center in response to

A)decreased flow of saliva.
B)increased osmotic pressure of blood plasma.
C)decreased blood volume.
D)increased osmotic pressure of blood plasma and decreased blood volume.
E)decreased flow of saliva, increased osmotic pressure of blood plasma, and decreased blood volume.

Question 12

Which of the following hormones stimulates increased urinary excretion of Na⁺?

A)norepinephrine
B)aldosterone
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)atrial natriuretic peptide
E)angiotensin II

Question 13

Release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland is stimulated by

A)low osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
B)alcohol consumption.
C)increased blood volume.
D)increased osmotic pressure of plasma.
E)all of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Synovial fluid is an extracellular fluid found in

A)the inner ear
B)the middle ear
C)joints
D)serous membranes
E)both the inner ear and the middle ear

Question 15

The osmotic pressure of a solution is determined by

A)the number of particles dissolved in that solution.
B)the size of particles dissolved in that solution.
C)the weight of particles dissolved in that solution.
D)all of the choices are correct.
E)none of the choices is correct.

Question 16

A lower than normal level of potassium in the blood is referred to as

A)hyperkalemia
B)hypokalemia
C)hyponatremia
D)hypernatremia
E)hypochloremia

Question 17

The major difference in the composition of the plasma versus the interstitial fluid is

A)osmolarity.
B)concentration of carbohydrates.
C)concentration of solutes.
D)concentration of protein anions.
E)concentration of sodium ions.

Question 18

Blood plasma is a component of

A)intracellular fluid
B)extracellular fluid
C)interstitial fluid
D)both extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
E)none of the choices is correct

Question 19

Most solutes in body fluids are

A)electrolytes
B)proteins
C)sugars
D)amino acids
E)lipids

Question 20

Which of the following extracellular fluids is found in the inner ear?

A)aqueous humor
B)endolymph
C)peritoneal fluid
D)synovial fluid
E)cerebrospinal fluid

Question 21

All of the following are functions of ions in body fluids EXCEPT

A)control movement of water between fluid compartments.
B)help maintain acid-base balance.
C)used as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
D)carry electrical current across membranes.
E)serve as cofactors for enzymes.

Question 22

The most abundant buffer system in blood plasma and intracellular fluid is the

A)ammonium buffer system.
B)bicarbonate buffer system.
C)phosphate buffer system.
D)hemoglobin buffer system.
E)protein buffer system.

Question 23

The slowest mechanism for removing excess acids from the body fluids is

A)the protein buffer system.
B)the phosphate buffer system.
C)removal of carbon dioxide by the respiratory system.
D)urinary excretion.
E)the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 24

Which of the following compartments contains most of the body's fluid?

A)blood
B)spaces between the cells in tissues
C)inside cells
D)joint cavities
E)lymphatic system

Question 25

The acid-base balance depends on the concentration of

A)calcium ions
B)hydrogen ions
C)potassium ions
D)sodium ions
E)magnesium ions

Question 26

All of the following are characteristics of buffer systems EXCEPT

A)buffers act quickly to bind excess H⁺.
B)buffers are found in all body fluids.
C)buffers are composed of combinations of a weak acid and weak base.
D)buffers are not present in excreted fluids like urine.
E)buffers do not eliminate excess H⁺ from the body.

Question 27

An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration of a body fluid results in

A)lower pH.
B)more acidic conditions.
C)higher pH.
D)lower pH and more acidic conditions.
E)more acidic conditions and higher pH.

Question 28

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the impaired ability of older adults to maintain fluid, electrolyte and pH balance?

A)increased exhalation of carbon dioxide
B)decreased blood flow to the kidneys
C)decreased muscle mass
D)decreased glomerular filtration rate
E)increased adipose tissue

Question 29

Which of the following anions diffuses easily between extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments?

A)proteins
B)chloride
C)sulfate
D)phosphate
E)none of these anions move freely between ECF and ICF

Question 30

The kidney helps to regulate pH of body fluids by

A)reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate.
B)secreting hydrogen ions into the urine.
C)reabsorbing sodium ions.
D)both reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate and reabsorbing sodium ions.
E)both reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions.

Question 31

The signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia include

A)lethargy
B)bone pain
C)muscle cramps
D)numbness and tingling of fingers
E)lethargy and bone pain

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT considered to be an extracellular fluid of the body?

A)synovial fluid
B)cerebrospinal fluid
C)blood plasma and lymph
D)interstitial fluid
E)sarcoplasm of muscle cells

Question 33

Increased depth and rate of respiration

A)removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
B)reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in blood.
C)increases the pH of blood.
D)causes all of these events.
E)causes none of these events.

Question 34

Chemical substances in body fluids that prevent rapid changes in pH are called

A)cofactors
B)enzymes
C)coenzymes
D)buffers
E)free radicals

Question 35

The major physiological effect of acidosis is

A)excitation of the central nervous system.
B)depression of the central nervous system.
C)excitation of cardiovascular center.
D)overexcitabilty of peripheral nerves.
E)inhibition of autonomic effectors.

Question 36

The two ways that the body gains water are

A)through the skin and drinking.
B)ingestion and metabolism.
C)urine output and sweating.
D)defecation and ingestion.
E)ingestion and osmosis.

Question 37

Which of the following is the major extracellular anion?

A)phosphate
B)calcium
C)magnesium
D)chloride
E)potassium

Question 38

Assuming that one liter of body fluid weighs one kilogram, how many liters of water would you find in a normal 70 kg adult male?

A)42 liters
B)45 liters
C)60 liters
D)28 liters
E)14 liters

Question 39

Which of the following body fluid compartments is the largest?

A)extracellular fluid
B)intracellular fluid
C)interstitial fluid
D)plasma
E)lymph

Question 40

The pH of extracellular fluid, such as blood plasma, of a healthy person is

A)highly acidic
B)slightly acidic
C)neutral
D)slightly basic
E)highly basic

Question 41

Body fluids lost by excessive sweating during physical activity are most efficiently replaced by drinking pure water.

Question 42

Both electrolytes and water can be lost through the processes of perspiration, defecation, and urination.

Question 43

Using hypoventilation or hyperventilation to help balance pH is called respiratory compensation.

Question 44

Glucose is one of the major electrolytes in plasma.

Question 45

Due to a decrease in the number and efficiency of sweat glands, water loss from the skin declines with age.

Question 46

Phosphate is mainly an intracellular anion.

Question 47

Because acidosis results in increased excitation of the neurons of the central nervous system, it can cause convulsions and muscle spasms.

Question 48

A decrease in the sodium concentration of plasma causes the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 49

Calcium is involved in blood clotting.

Question 50

Which of the following is a weak base that can be used to buffer the intracellular accumulation of acid that occurs during metabolism?

A)carbonic acid
B)monohydrogen phosphate
C)carbon dioxide
D)hydroxide ions
E)carbonic anhydrase

Question 51

Sodium is a strong acid that can be neutralized by bicarbonate.

Question 52

Dehydration decreases the production of saliva.

Question 53

The ionic composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids differs considerably.

Question 54

More acids than bases are produced by normal cellular metabolism.

Question 55

During activities that lead to excessive sweating, it is wise to begin drinking fluids even before the sensation of thirst appears.

Question 56

Changes in the breathing rate can be used to help maintain blood pH.

Question 57

Aldosterone is the main hormone that regulates calcium concentrations in the blood.

Question 58

Taking diuretics usually has no effect on fluid or electrolyte balance.

Question 59

Excessive fluid accumulation in the blood results in hypotension.

Question 60

Osmotic pressure of body fluids plays an important role in maintaining both water and electrolyte balance.

Question 61

Acidosis and alkalosis have opposite effects on the central nervous system; the former depresses it while the latter excites it.

Question 62

All of the following have been shown to lead to low bone density in later life EXCEPT

A)low calcium intake in diet.
B)high sodium intake in diet.
C)high protein intake in diet.
D)high intake of grains in diet.
E)high intake of fruits in diet.

Question 63

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is converted to calcitriol, which promotes the intestinal absorption of

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)phosphate
D)bicarbonate
E)calcium

Question 64

Using the percentages and fractions given in the diagram, what would the volume of interstitial fluid be in an average male with a body weight of 100 kilograms?

A)60 liters
B)40 liters
C)20 liters
D)16 liters
E)4 liters

Question 65

Which of the following answer selections best describes the series of steps (labeled C, D and E in the diagram)that occur between decreased blood volume and stimulation of the thirst centers?

A)C = ↓ blood pressure; D = ↑angiotensin II formation; E = ↑ renin release by kidneys
B)C = ↓ blood pressure; D = ↑ renin release by kidneys; E = ↑ angiotensin II formation
C)C = ↑ renin release by kidneys; D = ↑angiotensin II formation; E = ↓ blood pressure
D)C = ↑ blood pressure; D = ↑ renin release by kidneys; E = ↑ angiotensin II formation
E)C = ↑ blood pressure; D = ↑ angiotensin II formation; E = ↑ renin release by kidneys

Question 66

Dehydration causes a loss of only interstitial fluid.

Question 67

Which labeled section of the bar graphs represents the blood plasma?

A)F
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 68

Explain water intoxication.

Question 69

Which of the following sections of the bar graphs shown in the diagram would increase the most in an obese individual?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 70

The thirst mechanism is an unreliable indicator of fluid needs, especially in children and older adults.

Question 71

What type of receptors (labeled B in the diagram)are used to sense increased blood osmotic pressure?

A)baroreceptors
B)nociceptors
C)proprioceptors
D)mechanoreceptors
E)osmoreceptors

Question 72

Explain how dehydration is detected and how this detection leads to activation of the thirst center.

Question 73

Which of the following solutes would have the unique body fluid distribution pattern that is labeled I in the graph?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)calcium
D)phosphate
E)protein anions

Question 74

Name the major ions found in body fluids and briefly describe their primary location.

Question 75

When the plasma concentration of calcium decreases below normal, calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland to stimulate bone resorption leading to the release of calcium.

Question 76

During dehydration, the receptors that sense a decreased flow of saliva (labeled A in the diagram)are found in

A)the mouth
B)the salivary glands
C)the pharynx
D)both the mouth and the pharynx
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 77

Which of the labeled sets of bars in the graph would best represent the concentration of potassium ions in the body fluids?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 78

Which of the labeled sets of bars in the graph would best represent the concentration of sodium ions in the body fluids?

A)A
B)B
C)E
D)G
E)I

Question 79

Dehydration only affects the volume of the extracellular fluid compartment.

Question 80

An increase in the CO₂ concentration of the plasma leads to a drop in its pH.