Deck 14: The Concept of Association

Question 1

Inferential statistics do not provide a measure of the amount of relationship.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The formulas for some measures of association can result in values with either positive or negative signs.Under which of the following circumstances can those signs be meaningfully interpreted?

A)whenever the data are expressed as frequencies
B)when the data are measured at the nominal level
C)when the data are measured at the ordinal level or higher
D)whenever the data are expressed as percentages

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If you have a hypothesis,you should use an asymmetric version of a statistic if one is available.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A non-zero correlation coefficient,when coupled with a nonsignificant probability,is effectively zero.

Question 5

A statistically significant result means that there is

A)a high correlation
B)a low correlation
C)no correlation
D)a correlation,but you don't know how strong

Question 6

What is the highest possible correlation for a PRE statistic?

A)1000
B)100
C)1.0
D)0.89

Question 7

Given two correlation coefficients,-.45 and .35,the one with a value of -.45 is larger.

Question 8

Association is expressed as a number between 1.0 and zero.

Question 9

If measured relationship shows that an increase in the independent variable leads to a decrease in the dependent variable,which of the following would be true?

A)the relationship is a positive one
B)the relationship is a negative one
C)the increase and decrease would cancel each other out
D)there is NO relationship

Question 10

Even if the probability level is not significant,a measure of association is still useful.

Question 11

Which of the following would be the simplest form of a relationship?

A)A and B vary together
B)A varies but B doesn't
C)A varies in the same direction as B
D)A affects B

Question 12

A symmetric relationship

A)cannot have positive and negative signs
B)has only positive signs
C)has no assumed cause and effect
D)has an assumed cause and effect

Question 13

In an indirect-PRE measure,the correlation coefficient must be __________ in order to be interpreted.

A)divided by the number of categories
B)squared
C)first squared and then divided by the number of categories
D)multiplied by 100

Question 14

Guilford's Table is commonly used today as a method of interpreting correlations coefficients.

Question 15

If a measured probability level is highly significant,the relationship between the variables is relatively strong.

Question 16

Which of the following would be the next step in interpreting a correlation coefficient after finding a significant probability when testing a hypothesis?

A)square the coefficient
B)propose a hypothesis
C)accept the null hypothesis and continue with establishing the direction of the relationship
D)check to see if correlation coefficient is available in an asymmetric version

Question 17

A symmetric version of a statistic is more accurate than an asymmetric one.

Question 18

Two correlated variables do not covary.

Question 19

A directional relationship

A)is rarely used in criminal justice research
B)requires the use of frequency distributions to determine direction
C)specifies the way in which one variable affects a second variable
D)all of the above