Deck 4: Nonexperimental Research Methods

Question 1

Think about the differences between qualitative and quantitative research.Of the following terms, which term below fits least well?

A)quantitative
B)deductive
C)inductive
D)testable hypotheses

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to the textbook, this type of technique allowed researchers to learn more about Mexican American experiences with police gang enforcement.

A)correlational research
B)ethnography
C)case study
D)survey research

Answer 2

B

Question 3

For a project in your research methods class, you conducted a correlational research method.You know that this method does not allow you to determine cause and effect.Thus, you must ask yourself which of the following question s) when you are looking at the results?

A)Is X causing Y?
B)Is Y causing X?
C)Is there a third variable causing both X and Y to be related?
D)all of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The field of __________ is typically associated with the research method of ethnography.

A)psychology
B)anthropology
C)sociology
D)astronomy

Question 5

Think about the differences between qualitative and quantitative research.Of the following terms, which term below fits least well?

A)inductive
B)qualitative
C)deductive
D)in-depth collection of information

Question 6

Gazdzinski and colleagues found that as weight increased for individuals, neuronal health decreased.These results indicate what type of correlation?

A)a positive correlation
B)a weak correlation
C)a negative correlation
D)a spurious correlation

Question 7

Researchers from the University of Rochester Medical Center conducted a study to examine the relationship between weight in children and tooth decay.This was an example of which of the following?

A)correlational research
B)archival research
C)case study
D)survey research

Question 8

with a conversation on how websites such as ratemyprofessors.com can be used for research purposes.If a researcher used the existing data available from this website, what type of research design would it be?

A)naturalistic observation
B)archival research
C)case study
D)survey research

Question 9

Which sentence below does not accurately describe correlations?

A)a positive correlation occurs when variables vary in the same direction
B)a negative correlation occurs when variables vary in opposite directions
C)a positive correlation occurs when one variable increases and the second variable decreases
D)a correlation evaluates the relationship among variables

Question 10

What type of research evaluates the relationship among variables?

A)correlational research
B)archival research
C)case study
D)survey research

Question 11

Gazdzinski and colleagues examined the relationship between weight of individuals and biochemical deficiencies.This was an example of what type of research?

A)correlational research
B)archival research
C)case study
D)survey research

Question 12

Which of the following reasons would not be a disadvantage to conducting an ethnography?

A)detailed information
B)lack of testable hypotheses
C)inability to infer cause and effect
D)little ability to generalize findings

Question 13

Researchers from the University of Rochester Medical Center found that as weight in children increased, the risk of tooth decay decreased.These results indicate what type of correlation?

A)a positive correlation
B)a weak correlation
C)a negative correlation
D)a spurious correlation

Question 14

Think about the differences between qualitative and quantitative research.Of the following terms, which term below fits least well?

A)qualitative
B)subjectivity
C)emerging hypotheses
D)quantitative

Question 15

Research has found that as ice cream sales increase, so too do murder rates.What most likely explains these findings?

A)eating ice cream causes you to commit murder
B)as ice cream sales and murder rates increase, the temperature decreases
C)committing murder causes you to eat ice cream
D)as ice cream sales and murder rates increase, the temperature increases

Question 16

Bonds-Raacke and Raacke 2007) used existing records from ratemyprofessors.com to better understand the link between a professor's level of attractiveness and students' ratings of effectiveness.What type of research design was this?

A)naturalistic observation
B)archival research
C)case study
D)survey research

Question 17

Jason and Kelly are trying to decide on which research method they should employ for a project in their research methods class.They have decided to use a correlational research method.Of the reasons below, what is the best reason why Jason and Kelly selected this method?

A)It will allow them to make predictions.
B)It will show cause and effect.
C)It is not ethical.
D)It eliminates alternative explanations.

Question 18

Which example below best illustrates a negative correlation?

A)the more years of education a person has, the higher his or her salary
B)the more time spent studying for a test, the better the performance on the test
C)the more food a person consumes, the more the person weighs
D)the more satisfied a couple is in their relationship, the less likely they are to get a divorce

Question 19

Think about the differences between qualitative and quantitative research.Of the following terms, which term below fits least well?

A)emerging hypotheses
B)testable hypotheses
C)generalized results
D)use of statistics to draw inferences

Question 20

Jason and Kelly are trying to decide on which research method they should employ for a project in their research methods class.They have decided to use a correlational research method.Of the reasons listed below, what is the best reason why Jason and Kelly selected this method?

A)It will allow them to investigate a topic with fewer ethical restrictions.
B)It will show cause and effect.
C)It is not ethical.
D)It eliminates alternative explanations.

Question 21

Which of the following is similar to archival research in the use of existing documents?

A)naturalistic observation
B)survey research
C)content analysis
D)correlational research

Question 22

In the summer of 1960, Jane Goodall went to East Africa to live among the chimpanzee population.What type of research was Goodall conducting?

A)naturalistic observation
B)archival research
C)case study
D)survey research

Question 23

What is the first step to survey construction?

A)complete an IRB application
B)locate participants to complete survey
C)think about purpose of survey
D)proof read your survey

Question 24

__________ is frequently used by psychologists to examine portrayals in the media.naturalistic observation
B)survey research
C)content analysis
D)correlational research

Question 25

A naturalistic observation can be best defined as:

A)observing animals in nature
B)observing people in society
C)observing animals and people in everyday settings
D)observing animals and people in unusual settings

Question 26

Naturalistic observations are used by which type of psychologists to frequently study children?

A)behavioral
B)gestalt
C)developmental
D)evolutionary

Question 27

Many universities have a research day allowing students to share their scholarly endeavors with the campus community.The program from this event contains information such as name of presenter, major, and faculty advisor.Using this information to examine a research hypothesis is known as _________.

A)archival research
B)naturalistic observation
C)survey research
D)correlational research

Question 28

Which of the following is not a suggestion for survey construction?

A)provide at least 2 alternatives
B)determine types of questions
C)ask about one issue per question
D)make alternatives clear

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of archival research?

A)using census information to answer a research question
B)survey students on their attitudes
C)watching people in public places
D)observing animals in nature

Question 30

Researchers studied Clive Wearing to better understand which of the following phenomena?

A)how new memories are formed
B)how people acquire language
C)how personality is related to specific areas of the brain
D)none of the above

Question 31

Which of the following is not a disadvantage to using a case study?

A)the cause of an individual's behavior might be unknown
B)the unusual event might not influence all people the same way
C)the unusual event cannot be studied experimentally
D)the reasons behind the behavior might not be fully understood

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of archival research?

A)census information
B)marriage applications
C)police reports
D)all of the above

Question 33

This chapter discusses research by the National Sleep Foundation finding that 36% of respondents reported falling asleep while driving.These results were obtained from what type of research?

A)naturalistic observation
B)survey research
C)content analysis
D)correlational research

Question 34

Case studies have allowed researchers to investigate many individuals.Which of the following is an example?

A)Phineas Gage
B)Genie
C)Clive Wearing
D)all of the above

Question 35

Survey research allows to you to investigate __________.

A)attitudes
B)physiological responses
C)behaviors
D)A and C

Question 36

Why might a researcher select to use a naturalistic observation?

A)the opportunity to wait for an event to occur
B)the opportunity to observe spontaneous behavior
C)the opportunity for observers to influence events
D)the opportunity to determine cause and effect

Question 37

Think about survey construction.Of the following terms, which term below fits least well?

A)open-ended questions
B)detailed and thoughtful answers
C)close-ended questions
D)no set responses

Question 38

The first step to survey construction is to think about the purpose of the survey.This is important for all the reasons below except:

A)to prevent asking too many questions
B)to prevent asking too few questions
C)to remain on topic
D)to anticipate possible responses

Question 39

Which of the following is not a suggestion for survey construction?

A)provide at least 2 alternatives
B)avoid negative wording
C)avoid leading questions
D)write in an unbiased manner

Question 40

An) __________ is an in-depth observation of an individual, animal, event, or treatment method.

A)naturalistic observation
B)archival research
C)case study
D)survey research

Question 41

Research has found that the more attractive a professor is, the higher students rate his or her effectiveness.

Question 42

Correlational research methods can be used to determine cause an effect.

Question 43

Take a look at the survey question below:
How often did you seek help from the faculty member outside of class? check only one alternative)
1-2 times during the semester
2-3 times during the semester
3-4 times during the semester
4 or more times during the semester
Which suggestion of survey construction does the question violate?

A)make alternatives clear
B)ask about one issue per question
C)avoid negative wording
D)avoid leading questions

Question 44

A positive correlation illustrates when two variables vary in different directions.

Question 45

The website ratemyprofessors.com cannot be used for research purposes.

Question 46

Which of the following examples illustrates how Goal 7: Communication Skills in Psychology was covered in this chapter?

A)qualitative research
B)approaching problems effectively
C)applying problems to everyday life
D)communicating effectively

Question 47

Which of the following is not an advantage to survey research?

A)easy to administer
B)numerous participants
C)gather information on a variety of issues
D)social desirability

Question 48

Quantitative research can be generalized to specific populations.

Question 49

The following is a negative correlation: as the weight of a child increases, the risk of tooth decay decreases.

Question 50

Take a look at the survey question below:
The faculty member was not fair in his or her grading procedures $Not ~at ~all~true \quad1\quad2\quad3\quad4\quad5\quad6\quad7\quadVery ~true$
Which suggestion of survey construction does the question violate?

A) make alternatives clear
B) ask about one issue per question
C) avoid negative wording
D) avoid leading questions

Question 51

Ethnographies are primarily associated with the field of psychology.

Question 52

Which of the following examples illustrates how Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology was covered in this chapter?

A)qualitative research
B)approaching problems effectively
C)applying problems to everyday life
D)communicating effectively

Question 53

Qualitative research is inductive by nature.

Question 54

A friend in your class wants to construct close-ended questions for a survey.From the reasons listed below, why do you think your friend is interested in using close-ended questions?

A)detailed and thoughtful answers
B)no set responses
C)faster to score
D)easy to write

Question 55

Take a look at the survey question below:
Directions: Sometimes faculty members fail to act in a professional manner.
To what extend did the faculty member ask in a professional manner?
$Not ~at ~all~professional \quad1\quad2\quad3\quad4\quad5\quad6\quad7\quadVery ~professional$
Which suggestion of survey construction does the question violate?

A)make alternatives clear
B)ask about one issue per question
C)avoid negative wording
D)avoid leading questions

Question 56

Social desirability occurs when….

A)participants respond in a manner that will be viewed positively by researchers.
B)participants respond in a manner that will be viewed negatively by researchers.
C)participants fail to complete the entire survey
D)participants answer survey consistent with friends' opinions

Question 57

Ong and Weiss 2000) studied cheating behavior using which of the following research designs?

A)experimental research
B)nonexperimental research
C)converging research
D)none of the above

Question 58

A positive correlation illustrates when two variables vary in the same direction.

Question 59

Qualitative research is deductive by nature.

Question 60

Take a look at the survey question below:
I find the professor to be prepared for class and prompt at returning work.
$Not ~at ~all \quad1\quad2\quad3\quad4\quad5\quad6\quad7\quadVery ~much$
Which suggestion of survey construction does the question violate?

A)make alternatives clear
B)ask about one issue per question
C)avoid negative wording
D)avoid leading questions

Question 61

Survey research can only be used in nonexperimental designs.

Question 62

When constructing surveys, it is acceptable to ask about more than one issue in a specific question.

Question 63

Content analysis is similar to naturalistic observation.

Question 64

Clive Wearing was discussed in the chapter as an example of naturalistic observation.

Question 65

Surveys gather information on people's attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

Question 66

An advantage of naturalistic observations is that observers can influence the behavior of participants.

Question 67

Ethnographies provide rich and detailed information.

Question 68

Survey research is rarely used in psychology.

Question 69

Case studies provide an ethical alternative to experiments.

Question 70

Content analysis is similar to archival studies.

Question 71

Surveys can be costly to administer.

Question 72

Naturalistic observations can only be conducted on animals.

Question 73

Archival studies use existing data records.

Question 74

Phineas Gage was discussed in the chapter as an example of a case study.

Question 75

Open-ended questions do not have a predetermined response set.

Question 76

Archival studies require researchers to collect new data.

Question 77

When constructing surveys, one should obey the laws of parsimony.

Question 78

Open-ended questions are preferred over close-ended questions.

Question 79

The first step to survey construction is to think about the purpose of the survey.

Question 80

Close-ended questions are typically easier to score.