Deck 10: Between Subjects Designs

Question 1

One of the authors of your textbook conducted a study on monitor size and reaction time.The research matrix is given below.
$$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } \hline 17 \text { inch } & 19 \text { inch } & 21 \text { inch } \\\hline 25 \text { participants } & 25 \text { participants } & 25 \text { participants } \\\hline\end{array}$$
If you wanted to give every participant in the study a piece of paper with the contact information of the researchers, how many pieces of paper will you need for this between subjects design?

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Answer 1

75

Question 2

In Chapter 8, we mentioned a study that examined the relationship between where one lives urban or rural) and when a specific form of cancer is diagnosed.For this example, the independent variable was where one lives.Which statement best explains why where one lives was a between subjects variable?

A)Participants who had lived in both settings were included.
B)The researchers manipulated where the participants lived.
C)Participants could live in both settings.
D)Participants could not live in both settings.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In chapter 7, we used a between subjects design to see if caffeine influenced levels of alertness.We had three groups of participants: participants who received 8 ounces of a caffeinated beverage, participants who received 24 ounces of a caffeinated beverage, and participants who received no caffeine.If this was a between subjects design with 30 total participants, how many participants would be in each condition?

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the quasi-experimental birth weight study described in chapter 7, birth weight was the subject variable.Participants were born of either low birth weight or normal birth weight.For this study, birth weight __________.

A)was a between subjects variable.
B)was a within subjects variable.
C)could not be categorized because it was not a

Question 5

Carefully review the research matrix presented below.If this is a between subjects design, how many total participants will be used in the experiment?
$$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } \hline \text { No Caffeine } & 8 \text { Ounces } & 24 \text { Ounces } \\\hline 10 \text { participants } & 10 \text { participants } & 10 \text { participants } \\\hline\end{array}$$

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)Cannot determine

Question 6

In Chapter 8, we mentioned a study that examined the relationship between where one lives urban or rural) and when a specific form of cancer is diagnosed.For this example, the independent variable was where one lives.How many levels did the IV have?

A)one
B)two
C)no levels because it was a subject variable
D)cannot be determined

Question 7

Brigham and Women's Hospital conducted a study with two groups of participants.One group was allowed to experience deep sleep, while the other group was deprived of deep sleep.Next, participants in both groups completed a visual task.Results indicated that performance did improve on the visual task for participants in the group that experienced deep sleep.In this study, what type of research design was used?

A)within subjects design
B)between subjects design
C)within participants design
D)mixed subjects design

Question 8

Farris et al.conducted a study to determine if men and women were equal in their ability to judge women's nonverbal cues.In this example, what was the DV?

A)sex of researcher
B)sex of participant
C)ability to judge nonverbal cues
D)ability to judge verbal cues

Question 9

Darley and Batson conducted a study in which the independent variable was the degree to which the participants were instructed to hurry to the other building high-hurry, intermediate-hurry, low-hurry) and the dependent variable was the amount of help offered to a "victim" placed by the researchers between the two buildings.This was a between subjects design.Therefore, how many groups of participants were needed?

A)one group
B)two groups
C)three groups
D)cannot be determined

Question 10

Brigham and Women's Hospital conducted a study with two groups of participants.One group was allowed to experience deep sleep, while the other group was deprived of deep sleep.Next, participants in both groups completed a visual task.Results indicated that performance did improve on the visual task for participants in the group that experienced deep sleep.In this study, what was the dependent variable?

A)the deep sleep condition
B)the no sleep condition
C)performance on the visual spatial task
D)completion of the visual spatial task

Question 11

You want to replicate Barlett et al.'s research on amount of blood in a video game and measures of aggression.Your independent variable has 4 levels: maximum blood, medium blood, low blood, and no blood.You want to conduct a between subjects design.How many total participants will you need if you want 10 participants in each level of the IV?

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 12

Which of the following statements regarding a between subjects design is correct?

A)Participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable.
B)Participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable.
C)Participants are exposed to a maximum of two levels of the independent variable.
D)None of the above.

Question 13

Farris et al.conducted a study to determine if men and women were equal in their ability to judge women's nonverbal cues.In this example, what was the IV?

A)sex of researcher
B)sex of participant
C)ability to judge nonverbal cues
D)ability to judge verbal cues

Question 14

Brigham and Women's Hospital conducted a study with two groups of participants.One group was allowed to experience deep sleep, while the other group was deprived of deep sleep.Next, participants in both groups completed a visual task.Results indicated that performance did improve on the visual task for participants in the group that experienced deep sleep.In this study, what was one potential disadvantage?

A)attrition
B)order effects
C)carry over effects
D)increased statistical variance

Question 15

Sex of participant is always a __________.

A)within subjects variable.
B)mixed subjects variable.
C)between subjects variable.
D)within participants variable.

Question 16

Brigham and Women's Hospital conducted a study with two groups of participants.One group was allowed to experience deep sleep, while the other group was deprived of deep sleep.Next, participants in both groups completed a visual task.Results indicated that performance did improve on the visual task for participants in the group that experienced deep sleep.In this study, what was the independent variable?

A)the conditions of sleep
B)performance on visual spatial task
C)percent correct on visual spatial task
D)reaction time on visual spatial task

Question 17

In a __________, participants will be exposed to only one level of the independent variable.

A)within subjects design
B)quasi-experimental design
C)between subjects design
D)mixed factors design

Question 18

Your friend Joe wants to know about the study on monitor size and reaction time described in question #10.Tell Joe how many groups it is possible that a particular participants would be exposed to given the nature of the design.

A)1 of 3 groups
B)2 of 3 groups
C)3 of 3 groups
D)2 of 2 groups

Question 19

You want to replicate Barlett et al.'s research on action figures and negative body image in young adult males.Your independent variable has three levels: no action figures, highly muscular figures, and moderately muscular figures.You want to conduct a between subjects design.How many total participants will you need if you want 10 participants in each level of the IV?

A)10 participants
B)30 participants
C)none of the above
D)cannot be determined

Question 20

A research matrix is __________.

A)a visual representation of the dependent variable.
B)a visual representation of a research design.
C)a visual representation of the researchers tasks.
D)not used in psychology research.

Question 21

_________ occurs when the effects of a prior condition influence subsequent treatment conditions.

A)Transformation
B)Carry over
C)Conversion
D)Residual

Question 22

The degree of spread among data when surrounding the mean is known as __________.

A)statistical variance.
B)regression to the mean.
C)nominal variance.
D)statistical standard deviation.

Question 23

Dr.Herrman recommends that his students take the practice GRE before registering to take the real GRE.Dr.Herrman makes this recommendation because he knows that __________ can increase performance on subsequent experiences with the same tasks.

A)rehearsal effects
B)preparation effects
C)routine effects
D)practice effects

Question 24

Beverly is conducting a study on child development.To observe the parent child interactions of interest, her independent variable will have four levels.She could have the same set of participants complete the experiment by coming to campus and completing four hours of surveys.However, she decides to use a between subjects.From the details given about the study, which of the following advantages best describes why Beverly selected a between subjects design?

A)no attrition
B)reduced fatigue
C)the use of multiple IVs
D)no order effects

Question 25

Bartlett et al.2005) selected a between subjects design to study the influence of action figures on male body image.Which of the following reasons listed below is not a disadvantage to the design?

A)more participants
B)increased statistical variance
C)multiple measures
D)unequal group sizes

Question 26

Kathy wants to know if using video examples in her classes will help to improve student learning.Kathy decides to show students in one section of her General Psychology class videos to supplement the material and students in the other section of her General Psychology class are not shown videos.Kathy then compares tests scores between the two classes to see if the videos increased student learning.However, before making the comparison, Kathy decides not to use scores from students who are repeating the course.What disadvantage of a between subjects design does Kathy avoid by not including students who are repeating the course?

A)practice effects
B)order effects
C)carry over effects
D)all of the above

Question 27

Beverly is conducting a study on child development.To observe the parent child interactions of interest, her independent variable will have four levels.She could have the same set of participants complete the experiment by coming to campus on four separate occasions.However, she decides to use a between subjects.From the details given about the study, which of the following advantages best describes why Beverly selected a between subjects design?

A)no attrition
B)little fatigue
C)the use of multiple measures
D)no order effects

Question 28

Participants experiencing the same order of presentation of the levels of the independent variable can lead to __________.

A)order effects.
B)organize effects.
C)arrangement effects.
D)presentation effects.

Question 29

Farris et al.conducted a study to determine if men and women were equal in their ability to judge women's nonverbal cues.In this example, what type of variable was sex of participant?

A)within
B)between
C)mixed
D)both A and B

Question 30

Barlett et al.2005) selected a between subjects design to study the influence of action figures on male body image.Which of the following reasons listed below is not a reason why Bartlett and colleagues would have selected the design?

A)There were varying numbers of participants in the groups.
B)The participants did not become fatigued.
C)They could use multiple dependent measures.
D)There were no concerns with practice effects.

Question 31

Recall the research conducted by Bartlett et al.2005) on the influence of action figures on male body image.If participants completed the first experimental condition of handling highly muscular action figures first and the second experimental condition of handling moderately muscular action second, a decrease in self-esteem in the second condition could be due to exposure to the highly muscular action figures from the first condition.When this occurs, a researcher would be concerned about __________.

A)practice effects.
B)presentation effects.
C)carry over effects.
D)all of the above.

Question 32

_________ occur when participants improve performance due to subsequent experiences on the same task.

A)Rehearsal effects
B)Preparation effects
C)Routine effects
D)Practice effects

Question 33

Which of the following is an advantage to a between subjects design?

A)multiple dependent variables
B)more participants
C)more statistical variance
D)unequal sample sizes

Question 34

Jason is interested in the topic of perception.He has participants complete a task on a computer and measures reaction and number of errors.Jason is thinking of repeating this task after the participants have been exposed to the independent variable.Which of the following reasons bests describes why Jason might not want to have participants complete the task again?

A)ethical concerns
B)more statistical variance
C)practice effects
D)none of the above

Question 35

A participant dropping out of a study or not returning to complete additional parts to a study is known as __________.

A)attrition.
B)mortality.
C)fatigue.
D)carry over effects.

Question 36

Chapter 10 contains a figure listing the advantages and disadvantages of a between subjects design.Which of the following statements is

Question 37

Which of the following is not an advantage to a between subjects design?

A)no attrition
B)little fatigue
C)increased dependent measures
D)increased statistical variance

Question 38

Recall the research conducted by Bartlett et al.2005) on the influence of action figures on male body image.If Barlett exposed participants to the three conditions in the same manner and found that scores on the third condition always decreased, he might be concerned about _________.

A)practice effects.
B)order effects.
C)presentation effects.
D)all of the above.

Question 39

Kendra is conducting a study on the effects of exposure to violent media.Her research design calls for participants to view samples of violent media on three separate occasions over an eight week time period.Kendra' professor suggests that she modify the design so that three different groups of participants are used and Kendra will not have to worry about __________.

A)attrition.
B)discontinuation.
C)exhaustion.
D)fatigue.

Question 40

Betsy is conducting a study on school psychologists.She is thinking of having school psychologists complete four experimental conditions each lasting one hour.A colleague suggests to Betsy that she modify the design so that different groups of school psychologists are used and Betsy will not have to worry about __________.

A)attrition.
B)fatigue.
C)discontinuation.
D)exhaustion.

Question 41

Chapter 10 introduced you to between subjects designs.

Question 42

Which of the following statements incorrectly describes disadvantages to between subjects designs?

A)You can reduce the disadvantages of the design by decreasing the levels of the IV.
B)You can reduce the disadvantages of the design by decreasing the statistical variance.
C)You can reduce the disadvantages of the design by increasing the number of participants.
D)all of the above

Question 43

Which of the following statements incorrectly describes disadvantages to between subjects designs?

A)You can reduce the disadvantages of the design by increasing the levels of the IV.
B)You can reduce the disadvantages of the design by increasing the statistical variance.
C)You can reduce the disadvantages of the design by increasing the number of participants.
D)all of the above

Question 44

In a between subjects design, participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable.

Question 45

A research matrix is a visual representation of a research design, including the hypotheses.

Question 46

Which APA goal was covered in this chapter?

A)2
B)3
C)A and B
D)none of the above

Question 47

A research matrix allows you to "see" which of the following?

A)conditions of the IV
B)levels of the DV
C)tasks of the researcher
D)A and B

Question 48

Which APA goal was not covered in this chapter?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 49

Which of the following is a disadvantage to a between subjects design?

A)increased participants
B)increased statistical variance
C)unequal group sizes
D)all of the above

Question 50

A research matrix is a visual representation of a research design.

Question 51

Which of the following methods can reduce statistical variance?

A)random assignment
B)sound methodology
C)A and B
D)none of the above

Question 52

Classic research within the field of psychology utilized between subjects designs.

Question 53

Chapter 10 introduced you to within variable designs.

Question 54

Which of the following statements correctly describes disadvantages to between subjects designs?

A)It is not possible to minimize disadvantages for the design.
B)It is possible to minimize disadvantages for the design.
C)It is possible to minimize disadvantages for the design but such measures are costly.
D)None of the above.

Question 55

From looking at a research matrix, one can infer the levels of the independent variable.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a disadvantage to a between subjects design?

A)increased participants
B)increased statistical variance
C)unequal group sizes
D)attrition

Question 57

In a between subjects design, participants are exposed to only two levels of the independent variable.

Question 58

Dr.Roberts with the Mayo Clinic conducted a study on individuals between the ages of 70 - 89 and found differences in men and women.In this example, sex of participant was the __________.

A)between subjects variable.
B)within subjects variable.
C)within participant variable.
D)variable.

Question 59

In a between subjects design, participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable.

Question 60

From looking at a research matrix, one can infer the researcher's tasks.

Question 61

Both classic and contemporary research within the field of psychology utilize between subjects designs.

Question 62

You can reduce the disadvantages of a between subjects design by increasing the number of participants.

Question 63

Contemporary research within the field of psychology utilizes between subjects designs.

Question 64

The following are advantages to between subjects designs: no attrition, reduced fatigue, and multiple dependent measures.

Question 65

You can reduce the disadvantages of a between subjects design by increasing the statistical variance.

Question 66

Statistical standard variance is the degree of spread among data surrounding the mean.

Question 67

You can reduce the disadvantages of a between subjects design by decreasing the statistical variance.

Question 68

Statistical variance is the degree of spread among data surrounding the mean.

Question 69

Performance effects occur when participants improve performance due to subsequent experience on the same task.

Question 70

Classic research, but not contemporary research, within the field of psychology utilized between subjects designs.

Question 71

The following are advantages to between subjects designs: no attrition, reduced fatigue, multiple dependent measures, and increased statistical variance.

Question 72

Contemporary research, but not classic research, within the field of psychology utilizes between subjects designs.

Question 73

There are more advantages to between subjects designs than disadvantages.

Question 74

Discontinuation refers to participants dropping out of a study or not returning to complete additional parts of a study.

Question 75

You can reduce the disadvantages of a between subjects design by increasing the levels of the IV.

Question 76

You can reduce the disadvantages of a between subjects design by decreasing the levels of the IV.

Question 77

Statistical nominal variance is the degree of spread among data surrounding the mean.

Question 78

There are more disadvantages to between subjects designs than advantages.

Question 79

Practice effects occur when participants improve performance due to subsequent experience on the same task.

Question 80

Attrition refers to participants dropping out of a study or not returning to complete additional parts of a study.