Deck 10: Consciousness

Question 1

Humans have a circadian rhythm,but such a mechanism has not yet been discovered in other animal species.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Phi effect patients insist relatives and close friends are unfamiliar,and that their relatives are impostors who just resemble their relatives.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The research evidence supports the claim that hypnosis can help people accurately recall forgotten memories from childhood.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Larger animal species need more sleep than smaller species.

Question 5

People traveling east suffer more serious jet lag than do people traveling west.

Question 6

Dreaming occurs only during REM sleep.

Question 7

Insomnia is defined as the inability to sleep for more than five consecutive hours at a time.

Question 8

You are the president of a company in the United States,and you are negotiating with a company on the other side of the world.Given the research on jet lag,you should schedule a meeting somewhere in Europe to give your company the greatest advantage.

Question 9

Spatial neglect occurs in certain cases where there is damage to parts of the right hemisphere,spatial neglect is rare when there is damage to the left hemisphere.

Question 10

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the brain structure that produces the circadian rhythm.

Question 11

Research suggests that people engage in unconscious processing prior to making a conscious decision.

Question 12

Tom is a 70-year-old man.Tom is likely to do worse on a memory test taken at 5:00 p.m.than he would on the same test taken at 8:00 a.m.

Question 13

Memories recalled under hypnosis are more accurate than ordinary memories.

Question 14

Although a person's brain is quite active during REM sleep,the large muscles of the body are deeply relaxed.

Question 15

Neural activity is the same when stimuli are consciously perceived as compared to when they are not consciously perceived.

Question 16

Hypnosis can be used as a method for reducing the emotional response to pain.

Question 17

The brain wave patterns typical in REM sleep most closely resemble stage 4 sleep.

Question 18

There appears to be a correlation between a person's age and whether they are a morning person or an evening person.

Question 19

People who were born blind do not have visual images in their dreams.

Question 20

An EEG of a person under hypnosis is the same as an EEG of a person who is asleep.

Question 21

____________________ is a tendency to ignore the left side of the body,the left side of the world,or the left side of objects.
Spatial neglect

Question 22

Unlike young people,nearly all people over the age of sixty-five are ____________________.
morning people

Question 23

The increased motor cortex activity prior to the start of the movement is known as the ____________________.
readiness potential

Question 24

Stage 2 of sleep is marked by ____________________,waves of activity at about 12-14 per second.
sleep spindles

Question 25

____________________ is a condition in which people have trouble breathing while they sleep.
Sleep apnea

Question 26

The subjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities is known as ____________________.
consciousness

Question 27

The area of the brain known to generate the body's circadian rhythm is the ____________________.
suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 28

____________________ refers to a period of discomfort and inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings.
Jet lag

Question 29

During the ____________________stage of sleep,the major postural muscles are most relaxed.
REM

Question 30

Freud referred to the surface appearance of a dream as the ____________________ content.
manifest

Question 31

People experiencing the ____________________ would likely report seeing a light moving even though there is no moving light.
phi effect

Question 32

People vary in their circadian rhythms.One description that has arisen to describe individuals who prefer different times of the day are "morning and evening people." Describe "morning people" and "evening people." Which type is a 20-year-old more likely to be?

Question 33

Bob seems to be deeply asleep,yet his brain waves resemble those of an alert,waking state.Bob is now in ____________________ sleep and just before this he was in ____________________.
REM,stage 2 sleep

Question 34

Nightmares occur mostly during ____________________ sleep,night terrors occur during ____________________ sleep.
REM,non-REM

Question 35

____________________ theory suggests that dreams are thinking that occurs under special conditions.
Neurocognitive

Question 36

____________________ rhythms are those that last about a day.
Circadian

Question 37

Circadian rhythms are controlled by ____________________,so people's sleep-wake cycles are ____________________.
genes,different

Question 38

What is spatial neglect? Describe what you would expect to see in someone with spatial neglect trying to read a book.Lastly,is it more likely that someone with spatial neglect has damage to the left or right hemisphere?

Question 39

People with ____________________ experience sudden attacks of extreme sleepiness in the middle of the day.
narcolepsy

Question 40

A person is suffering from ____________________ if he or she consistently feels tired and inefficient during the day due to lack of sleep.
insomnia

Question 41

A rhythm of activity and inactivity that lasts about a day is called a

A)biorhythm.
B)circadian rhythm.
C)diadromous rhythm.
D)Euclidean rhythm.

Question 42

If a flashing light alternates between two locations,it can appear to be moving back and forth.This is known as?

A)binocular rivalry.
B)spatial neglect.
C)visual consciousness.
D)the phi effect.

Question 43

Which of the following provides evidence that our 24-hour sleep-waking cycle is the result of a built-in mechanism?

A)some people sleep only 5-6 hours a night;others sleep 7-8 hours.
B)only a little more sleep is needed after an active day than after a busy day.
C)people who live in a near-polar region still generate close to a 24-hour cycle of sleeping and being awake.
D)people who are forced to stay awake for long periods of time develop severe health problems.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT an example of unconscious perception?

A)You don't remember seeing a brief image of a scowling face flashed on a screen,but you moved your face muscles slightly like a frown when it appeared.
B)You read a paragraph that includes the word "control," and later when asked to fill in CON____ you write "control."
C)A person with spatial neglect only puts clothes on the right side of his body when getting dressed.
D)A person with spatial neglect only crosses out the right side of the circle when asked to cross out the entire circle,but he reports seeing the entire circle.

Question 45

The subjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities is known as

A)assimilation.
B)consciousness.
C)the mind-brain problem.
D)attribution.

Question 46

Which of the following situations illustrates the phi effect?

A)As a word is gradually masked so it becomes harder to see,the viewer easily reads it at one point,then suddenly cannot read it anymore.
B)Each cell in the visual cortex only receives a signal from part of one retina.
C)Researchers using an fMRI to monitor brain activity see brain areas activated when the participant views a flashing pattern.
D)A small line and longer line flash in alternating sequences,causing the viewer to think a single line is moving back and forth and growing longer and shorter.

Question 47

Our cycles of wakefulness and sleepiness depend mainly on

A)changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
B)detection of changes in magnetic field.
C)hormones released by the adrenal gland.
D)cyclic activity generated within the brain itself.

Question 48

Hypnosis is a condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship.Many claims have been made about what can be accomplished under hypnosis.Give an example of a practical use of hypnosis that has been supported empirically and an example of a claim that has not been supported.

Question 49

In the Libet et al.study (1983)that asked participants to flex their wrist and record when they decided to flex it,

A)people were not very accurate in determining when they actually moved their wrist.
B)participants flexed their wrists in response to a flashing light.
C)the results suggested that the brain started to flex the wrist before participants were conscious of their decision to do so.
D)researchers concluded there is no free will.

Question 50

A person suffering spatial neglect would show all of the following except?

A)only attending to people who approach from the person's left side.
B)only eating food from only the right side of the plate.
C)only attending to the right side of a letter when asked to perform a task on that letter.
D)putting clothes on only the right side of the body.

Question 51

One of the most enduring questions in sleep research is,what do we dream about and why? Modern theories of dreaming include the activation-synthesis theory and the neurocognitive theory.Briefly describe each theory.

Question 52

Measurements of brain activity during a binocular rivalry task involving the flashing of two stimuli at different rates showed

A)increased activity in the left hemisphere when the images were consciously perceived.
B)increased activity in the right hemisphere when the images were consciously perceived.
C)large portions of the brain become activated according to which stimulus is consciously perceived.
D)red-colored stimuli produced left hemispheric activity whereas green colored stimuli produced right hemispheric activity.

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the relationship between light-dark cycles (from the rising and setting sun)and circadian rhythms?

A)Circadian rhythms are completely independent of light-dark cycles.
B)Circadian rhythms are completely determined by light-dark cycles.
C)Circadian rhythms are those that only function during the day (light cycle).
D)Circadian rhythms are generated within the body,but fine-tuned or reset by light-dark cycles.

Question 54

Circadian rhythms are those that:

A)inhibit all neural activity.
B)are influenced by the phase of the moon.
C)last about a day.
D)last about a month.

Question 55

People experiencing the phi effect would likely report

A)seeing a light moving even though there is no moving light.
B)increased neural activity suggesting a conscious experience.
C)an inability to have a conscious experience.
D)having a conscious experience of two different patterns.

Question 56

A sleep disorder is a condition that occurs within our sleep patterns.Insomnia,sleep apnea,and narcolepsy represent three varying types of sleep disorders.Give a brief description of all three conditions.

Question 57

People and most other animals wake up and go to sleep on a regular basis,at about the same time every 24 hours.What causes this 24-hour cycle?

A)It depends entirely on patterns of light and darkness.
B)It depends mainly on the influence of other animals.
C)It is generated by a built-in mechanism within each individual.
D)It depends mainly on fluctuations in the temperature of the environment.

Question 58

Which of the following is true regarding when ground squirrels awaken from hibernation?

A)Females wake up a week or so before males.
B)Males wake up only when food becomes available.
C)Females and males wake up at the same time each spring.
D)Males wake up prior to the time females are sexually receptive.

Question 59

Our tendency to feel wakeful and sleepy on a 24-hour basis depends mainly on

A)a cycle generated by a mechanism in the brain.
B)our perception of environmental stimuli such as heat and light.
C)a cycle generated by hormone-producing organs such as the adrenal gland.
D)wear and tear on the muscles followed by a period of repair.

Question 60

Circadian rhythms are controlled by __________,so people's sleep-wake cycles are __________.

A)environmental factors...identical
B)environmental factors...different
C)genes...identical
D)genes...different

Question 61

Jet lag occurs whenever you change time zones quickly.Which type of trip will result in the most difficult adjustment?

A)flying from Los Angeles to New York
B)flying for 11/2 hours but staying in the same time zone
C)flying from New York to Chicago
D)flying from New York to Los Angeles

Question 62

One aspect of memory testing that has led to exaggerated beliefs about the decline of memory in old age has been

A)the use of recognition tests instead of recall.
B)the use of predominantly male subjects.
C)the time of day testing usually takes place.
D)the use of flawed statistical procedures to analyze the results.

Question 63

When people go without sleep for more than 24 hours in a row,how does their experience of sleepiness vary over time?

A)It increases for a while and then becomes constant.
B)It increases during the night but decreases the next morning.
C)It continues to increase steadily throughout the period when the person does not sleep.
D)It increases and decreases on an irregular cycle that averages about 120 minutes.

Question 64

For most people the experience of jet lag is most severe if they travel across time zones

A)from a place they are visiting toward their home.
B)from east to west.
C)from west to east.
D)while sleeping.

Question 65

When memory tests are given to people of various ages at different times of the day,researchers have found that

A)young adults do as well as older adults in the morning.
B)young adults do considerably worse than older adults late in the day.
C)young adults and older adults do equally well late in the day.
D)older adults do considerably better than young adults in the morning.

Question 66

When memory tests are given to people of various ages at different times of the day,researchers have found that

A)young adults do about the same as older adults in the morning.
B)young adults do considerably worse than older adults late in the day.
C)young adults and older adults do about the same late in the day.
D)older adults do considerably better than young adults in the morning.

Question 67

If a person goes without sleep for a prolonged period of time,

A)the person eventually has to catch up on every hour of sleep that he or she missed.
B)sleepiness decreases at the end of a sleepless night,as morning arrives.
C)after a couple of days it becomes impossible to concentrate even for a very brief period of time.
D)the desire to sleep continues to increase steadily,in direct proportion to the period of deprivation.

Question 68

Suppose astronauts are on a flight to another planet.The temperature and lighting of the spacecraft remain constant at all times.When will the astronauts become sleepy?

A)briefly,every hour or two
B)on an irregular,unpredictable basis
C)about once every 24-25 hours
D)about once every 48-72 hours

Question 69

Some people describe themselves as "morning people",while others describe themselves as "evening people".Which of the following statements is true regarding that distinction?

A)There really is no difference-"evening people" are just making up an excuse for being lazy and not getting up in the morning.
B)"Evening people" are at their intellectual and physical peak around 9-11 a.m.
C)"Evening people" have low body temperatures in the morning that gradually rise during the day.
D)Someone who is a "morning person" at age 20 will invariably be a "morning person" throughout life.

Question 70

When people go without sleep for several days in a row,how does their sleepiness change?

A)They feel sleepier and sleepier as their deprivation continues.
B)After one or two days they reach a constant level of sleepiness,with no further change noticeable.
C)For about the first two days they get sleepier,and then they gradually start feeling better.
D)They feel sleepy at night,then less sleepy in the day,and then sleepier again the next night.

Question 71

Someone who stays awake 24 hours a day for several days will probably feel

A)sleepier during the day than during the night.
B)sleepier and sleepier as time goes by,with no period of increasing alertness.
C)sleepier in the night than during the following morning.
D)about equally sleepy at all times.

Question 72

Overall,young adults perform better on memory and reasoning tasks than older adults.This difference appears to be even larger if the tests are conducted in the

A)summer.
B)winter.
C)early morning.
D)afternoon or evening.

Question 73

In an environment in which temperature,light,and other conditions remain constant 24 hours a day,most people

A)awaken and fall asleep at irregular,inconsistent intervals.
B)still awaken and go to sleep on a nearly 24-hour schedule.
C)remain awake almost all the time.
D)easily adjust to wake-sleep cycles that last a lot longer or shorter than 24 hours.

Question 74

One study compared memory abilities in young adults and older adults at different times of day.Early in the morning,the older adults performed __________ than the young adults;later in the day,the older adults performed __________ than the young adults.

A)equal or better...equal or better
B)worse...worse
C)worse...equal or better
D)equal or better...worse

Question 75

Tests of memory and reasoning ability might underestimate the capacities of older adults if the research is done:

A)early in the morning.
B)in the late afternoon or evening.
C)immediately after mild physical activity.
D)during the summer.

Question 76

What happens to body temperature and logical reasoning over the course of an experiment in which volunteers go without sleep for 3 days?

A)They both progressively decline at a steady rate over the three days and nights.
B)Both reach a low level after the first sleepless night and stay at that level until the person sleeps again.
C)They become lower over days,but they improve a bit each morning compared to the previous night.
D)They become lower for the first two days and then start to improve.

Question 77

Unlike young people,nearly all people over the age of sixty-five are

A)equally alert at all times.
B)evening people.
C)morning people.
D)no longer alert at any time of day.

Question 78

In an unchanging environment (such as a cave),people become sleepy about once every __________ hours.

A)12-13
B)24-25
C)28-29
D)48-49

Question 79

A person labeled as a morning person is likely?

A)someone that generally goes to bed early and gets up early.
B)a person who needs additional sunlight similar to that received from the morning sun.
C)gets up early and suffers from insomnia.
D)someone who gets up late in the morning.

Question 80

Someone who stays in a cave with no light alternates between sleepiness and wakefulness on about a 24 hour cycle.Why?

A)changes in temperature
B)a rhythm generated within the person's own brain
C)detection of tides and magnetic fields
D)learned habits