Deck 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health

Question 1

Which model describes personality as having an effect on stressful events (e.g., through selection, evocation, or manipulation)?

A)Transactional model
B)Interactional model
C)Predisposition model
D)Health behaviour model

Answer 1

Transactional model

Question 2

It is thought that in North America, lifestyle contributes to more than percent of premature deaths.

A)10
B)30
C)50
D)90

Answer 2

50

Question 3

Which of the following is important in fighting the spread of HIV/AIDS?

A)Research on a vaccine.
B)Research on behaviour.
C)Research on the HIV virus.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

All of the choices are correct.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an important variable in most health psychology models?

A)Coping.
B)Stress.
C)Appraisals.
D)All of these are important variables.

Question 5

the feelings of being overwhelmed by events that seem uncontrollable.

A)Pessimism is
B)Appraisals are
C)Stress is
D)Stressors are

Question 6

Which model sees no direct relationship between personality and health but instead attributes correlations between the two to a third variable?

A)Predisposition model
B)Health behaviour model
C)Interactional model
D)Transactional model

Question 7

Which model focuses on how personality influences life style choices (e.g., smoking)that in turn influence health?

A)Interactional model
B)Health behaviour model
C)Illness behaviour model
D)Transactional model

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stressors?

A)They are uncontrollable.
B)They are major life events.
C)They produce opposing tendencies.
D)They produce a state of feeling overwhelmed.

Question 9

In the transactional model, personality has the effect of influencing

A)stressful events.
B)coping.
C)appraisals.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a model of the links between behaviour and health?

A)Circumplex model
B)Interactional model
C)Predisposition model
D)Transactional model

Question 11

In the model, personality has its effect on people's ability to cope with events.

A)interactional
B)health behaviour
C)transactional
D)predisposition

Question 12

Which of the following models is least complex?

A)Health behaviour model
B)Interactional model
C)Illness behaviour model
D)Transactional model

Question 13

The model emphasizes how personality influences the degree to which people pay attention to bodily sensations that can indicate illness.

A)illness behaviour
B)transactional
C)interactional
D)health behaviour

Question 14

are diagrams of variables and the causal relationships between them.

A)Hypotheses
B)Theories
C)Appraisals
D)Models

Question 15

Going to the doctor, missing work, and complaining about symptoms are all examples of

A)appraisals.
B)illness behaviours.
C)self-efficacy.
D)health behaviours.

Question 16

Researchers in the field of focus on the link between the mind and body.

A)psychoanalysis
B)health psychology
C)differential psychology
D)medicine

Question 17

Behaviour genetics research on personality and illness fits best into the model.

A)interactional
B)transactional
C)predisposition
D)health behaviour

Question 18

Stress is the feeling produced by events that are uncontrollable or threatening.

A)objective
B)chronic
C)subjective
D)acute

Question 19

A problem for the model was that psychologists had difficulty identifying coping strategies that were consistently adaptive or maladaptive.

A)transactional
B)interactional
C)predisposition
D)health behaviour

Question 20

The finding that extraverts are more likely to smoke is most consistent with the

A)interactional model.
B)transactional model.
C)health behaviour model.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Canadian research has suggested that one way that acute social stress has an impact on our emotions is by impairing our ability to

A)cope successfully.
B)manage stress.
C)process them.
D)problem-solve.

Question 22

Psychologists recognize ________ varieties of stress _.

A)three; episodic acute, traumatic, and chronic stress
B)four; acute, benign, traumatic, and chronic stress
C)three; benign, traumatic, and chronic stress
D)four; acute, episodic acute, traumatic, and chronic stress

Question 23

Concerns about weight, crime, and taxes are examples of

A)daily hassles.
B)emotional inhibition.
C)major life events.
D)attributional style.

Question 24

An example of chronic stress is

A)getting into a car accident.
B)ongoing marital conflict.
C)missing an important meeting.
D)spraining your ankle.

Question 25

Research suggests that people are more susceptible to the common cold

A)if they are in the alarm stage of the GAS.
B)if they follow the illness behaviour model.
C)if they have experienced more stressful life events.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight response falls under the stage.

A)stage of exhaustion
B)stage of resistance
C)appraisal
D)alarm

Question 27

Stress is thought to have the greatest influence on the system.

A)immune
B)circulatory
C)reproductive
D)cardiovascular

Question 28

Who is responsible for developing the stress response concept of general adaptation syndrome?

A)Holmes
B)Hanlye
C)Selye
D)Lazarus

Question 29

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)may develop in persons who ________ life-threatening events.

A)witnessed
B)imagined
C)experienced
D)experienced or witnessed

Question 30

Which of the following is generally considered to be the MOST stressful major life event?

A)Getting married
B)Christmas
C)Changing residence
D)Buying a new car

Question 31

Stressful life events

A)are always objectively neutral.
B)are always objectively negative.
C)are always objectively positive.
D)can be objectively positive, negative, or neutral.

Question 32

In the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of resistance is characterized by

A)exhaustion.
B)the fight-or-flight response.
C)arteriosclerosis.
D)increased physiological energy.

Question 33

An example of acute stress is

A)a serious accident.
B)divorce.
C)being late for an appointment.
D)military combat.

Question 34

All of the following are likely examples of traumatic stress EXCEPT

A)sexual assault.
B)military combat.
C)a serious accident.
D)divorce.

Question 35

Selye described repeated stressors as leading to

A)secondary appraisals.
B)primary and secondary appraisals.
C)primary appraisals.
D)the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Question 36

All of the following are examples of episodic acute stress EXCEPT

A)divorce.
B)a fight with a friend.
C)being fired from work.
D)managing a chronic illness.

Question 37

The major sources of stress in most people's lives are

A)emotions.
B)chronic stressors.
C)daily hassles.
D)major life events.

Question 38

Research by Holmes and Rahe found that people who had more major life stresses were

A)more likely to die during the course of the study.
B)more likely to have a serious illness.
C)not much different from those who had few major stresses.
D)less likely to have a serious illness.

Question 39

According to Selye, people are most prone to illness in the stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)appraisal
D)exhaustion

Question 40

The reaction to being startled and the increase in blood pressure and other physiological responses is known as

A)fight-or-flight response.
B)hostility.
C)pessimism.
D)a stressor.

Question 41

Self-efficacy is defined as

A)the expectation that good events will be plentiful, and bad events will be rare.
B)making attributions that are unstable, temporary, and global.
C)the belief that one can do the behaviours necessary to achieve a desired outcome.
D)having higher-than-average self-esteem.

Question 42

Which of the following coping mechanisms can generate positive emotions during stress?

A)Secondary appraisal
B)Defensive pessimism
C)Problem-focused coping
D)Primary appraisal

Question 43

Positive emotions are thought to help with stress by

A)helping people build stores of energy.
B)broadening attention.
C)helping people build social networks.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 44

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a way that optimism can lead to better health?

A)Optimism is associated with better immune system functioning.
B)Optimists engage in more health behaviours.
C)Optimists have better social networks.
D)Optimism does not correlate with depression.

Question 45

Dispositional optimism is defined as

A)the expectation that good events will be plentiful, and bad events will be rare.
B)having higher than average self-esteem.
C)making attributions that are unstable, temporary, and global.
D)the belief that one can do the behaviours necessary to achieve a desired outcome.

Question 46

According to Lazarus, what must be present for an event to be stressful?

A)Primary and secondary appraisal.
B)Primary appraisal.
C)Fight-or-flight response.
D)Secondary appraisal.

Question 47

A person with a pessimistic explanatory style explains bad events as due to causes.

A)internal and global
B)global
C)temporary
D)internal

Question 48

Takings breaks and using humour in stressful situations are examples of the ________ coping strategy.

A)positive reappraisal
B)disclosure
C)problem-focused coping
D)creating positive events

Question 49

tend to greatly underestimate the chances that negative events will happen to them.

A)Optimists
B)People with Type A personality
C)People who score high on hostility
D)Extraverts

Question 50

The technique for measuring attributional style was developed by Peterson and his colleagues.

A)Attributional Analysis (AA)
B)Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE)
C)Attribution Vocabulary (AV)
D)Peterson Attributional Analysis of Vocabulary (PAAV)

Question 51

is the term to describe how the effects of stress add up and accumulate in a person over time.

A)Stress accumulation
B)Additive effects
C)Stress accrual
D)Longitudinal build-up

Question 52

The "broaden and build" model addresses

A)the optimistic bias.
B)how positive emotions can buffer against stress.
C)how frustration leads to stress.
D)the fight-or-flight response.

Question 53

Focusing on the good aspects of a generally stressful situation is an example of

A)positive reappraisal.
B)disclosure.
C)problem-focused coping.
D)creating positive events.

Question 54

A large study by Peterson et al. found that optimists and pessimists differed in the number of deaths due to

A)cancer.
B)immune system problems.
C)cardiovascular disease.
D)accidents.

Question 55

Optimism predicts good health when measured by

A)physician reports.
B)number of visits to a doctor.
C)self-reports.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 56

The fact that most people underestimate their risk for negative events is known as

A)general adaptation syndrome.
B)optimistic-bias.
C)optimism.
D)time urgency.

Question 57

When a person perceives that an event is a threat to his goals, he engages in a(n)

A)pessimistic bias.
B)optimistic bias.
C)primary appraisal.
D)secondary appraisal.

Question 58

is a dispositional way of explaining the causes of bad events.

A)Negative event interpretation
B)Defensive pessimism
C)Attributional style
D)Problem-focused coping

Question 59

Problem-focused coping

A)is useful when events are uncontrollable.
B)can generate positive emotions.
C)is useful when events are controllable.
D)can lead to all of these.

Question 60

According to Lazarus, an exam will be stressful

A)if a person wants to do well but has to cram.
B)if a person views the exam as important or wants to do well but has to cram.
C)always.
D)if a person views the exam as important.

Question 61

According to Canadian research, individuals high in neuroticism are more likely to do which of the following?

A)Divorce early when they marry young
B)Describe relationship conflict as meaningless
C)Engage in relationship-focused coping with individuals who are high in extraversion
D)Engage in emotion-focused coping responses that involve hostility

Question 62

Blame is an example of a(n)

A)maladaptive relationship-focused coping response.
B)adaptive emotion-focused coping response.
C)adaptive relationship-focused coping response.
D)maladaptive emotion-focused coping response.

Question 63

Canadian research has shown that coping responses such as may reduce next-day marital tension.

A)empathy and compromise
B)withdrawal and empathy
C)compromise and forgiveness
D)compromise and withdrawal

Question 64

Research suggests that inhibiting the expression of negative emotions

A)leads to reduced physiological activity.
B)makes people feel better.
C)makes people feel worse.
D)leads to increased physiological activity.

Question 65

In a study conducted by James Gross and Robert Levenson, participants who were instructed to inhibit their emotional expressions

A)showed less outward expression.
B)showed decreased physiological activity.
C)showed more outward expression.
D)both "showed more outward expression" and "showed decreased physiological activity."

Question 66

All of the following are examples of relationship-focused coping responses EXCEPT

A)avoidance.
B)compromise.
C)empathy.
D)confrontation.

Question 67

A study that compared participants who wrote about traumatic events to people who wrote about neutral events found that people who wrote about the traumatic events

A)visited the campus health centre less.
B)re-experienced the traumatic event.
C)found the task more enjoyable.
D)visited the campus health centre more.

Question 68

When people express their negative emotions, they are

A)likely to have fewer problems in relationships.
B)likely to have more problems in relationships.
C)effective communicators, but have more problems in relationships.
D)less effective in communicating with others.

Question 69

Psychologists do not understand fully the link between optimism and health because

A)most of the research is correlational.
B)optimism has only recently been studied.
C)most of the research is non-correlational.
D)it is difficult to measure optimism.

Question 70

Efforts to maintain social relationships during stressful events are referred to as

A)support-seeking.
B)relationship-focused coping.
C)empathic responding.
D)emotion-focused coping.

Question 71

Optimists engage in ________ levels of problem-focused coping and levels of avoidance coping.

A)higher; higher
B)higher; lower
C)lower; higher
D)lower; lower

Question 72

Interpersonal withdrawal has been shown to be more common among individuals

A)low on agreeableness.
B)high on agreeableness.
C)low on extraversion.
D)high on neuroticism.

Question 73

People who are very achievement-motivated and always in a hurry score high on measures of

A)pessimistic attributional style.
B)dispositional optimism.
C)Type A personality.
D)hostility.

Question 74

Smiling when you receive a gift that you do not really like is an example of

A)primary appraisal.
B)hostility.
C)secondary appraisal.
D)emotional inhibition.

Question 75

Research suggests that disclosing traumatic events results in

A)improved physical health.
B)increased physiological arousal during disclosure.
C)reduced likelihood of depression.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 76

When psychologist James Pennebaker asked research participants to write about secret unpleasant events, he found that

A)everyone had secrets.
B)people felt good as they wrote and that everyone had secrets.
C)people felt good as they wrote.
D)many people found it difficult to think of secrets.

Question 77

Pennebaker has suggested that keeping negative events secret

A)helps maintain self-esteem and is associated with good physical health.
B)requires physical energy.
C)is associated with good physical health.
D)helps maintain self-esteem.

Question 78

Research suggests that emotional expressiveness is associated with

A)better health.
B)better health and better relationships.
C)better relationships.
D)more physiological reactivity.

Question 79

Telling others about private aspects of ourselves is known as

A)problem-focused coping.
B)the general adaptive syndrome.
C)disclosure.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 80

Cardiovascular disease is the ______ leading cause of death in Canada.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth