Deck 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues

Question 1

A behaviourist is certain that the problem one of her clients is facing must be due to bad learning. She may be suffering from the _ _ bias.

A)constructiveness
B)confirmatory
C)imaginative
D)priming

Answer 1

confirmatory

Question 2

The idea that memory influences what people recall is known as

A)confirmatory bias.
B)constructive memory.
C)priming.
D)the motivated unconscious view.

Answer 2

constructive memory.

Question 3

The case of teacher Michael Kliman's alleged sexual abuse of two students is likely an example of

A)implanted memories during psychotherapy.
B)memory consolidation.
C)accurate memory formation.
D)memory distortion resulting from displacement.

Answer 3

implanted memories during psychotherapy.

Question 4

The bias is the tendency to only look for evidence that confirms a previous hunch.

A)regression
B)priming
C)repression
D)confirmatory

Question 5

Holly Ramona's memories of being abused as a child were

A)were thought to be misinterpretations of childhood fantasies.
B)considered accurate by memory researchers.
C)based on the manifest content of her dreams.
D)most likely implanted in her memory by her therapist.

Question 6

Michael Kliman, the teacher accused of abusing two female students, was eventually found not guilty due to

A)the statute of limitations had been exceeded.
B)the testimonies of his accusers' therapists.
C)inconsistencies and improbabilities in the testimonies of his accusers.
D)follow-up interviews of his accusers, which revealed the original testimony was fabricated.

Question 7

Westen defines all of these as fundamental postulates of modern psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT

A)mental representations of the self and relationships guide interactions with others.
B)the unconscious still plays a large role in life, although not as important as Freud believed.
C)childhood plays a relatively minor role, irrelevant for studying adult relationship styles.
D)behaviour often reflects compromises in conflicts between motives, emotions, and thoughts.

Question 8

Experimental procedures developed by Henry Roediger and Kathleen McDermott can create false memories in percent of research participants.

A)20
B)80
C)55
D)35

Question 9

Memory research conducted by Loftus suggests that false memories can be created

A)with leading questions.
B)by child abuse.
C)through head trauma.
D)by subliminal prompts.

Question 10

Without telling you that I have used photo-editing software to create a photo, I show you a picture of yourself next to a flying saucer. Later I ask you if you ever had an encounter with a flying saucer in your childhood. You most likely will report that you

A)probably are more confident that you had seen a flying saucer when a child than you would have been before seeing the picture.
B)will readily be able to recall an alien abduction in a past life while under hypnosis after seeing the picture.
C)will be prompted to have a dream about an alien encounter in the near future.
D)do not have any more confidence that you have seen a flying saucer than before you saw the obviously edited picture.

Question 11

Hypnosis and sodium amytal usually lead to

A)forgetting or repression.
B)more accurate memories of childhood.
C)distorted memories.
D)more accurate memories of all time periods.

Question 12

If individuals are directed to imagine something that did not happen to them, it might lead to what Loftus and her colleagues called the effect.

A)imagination inflation
B)intellect enhancement
C)thematic apperception
D)directed retention

Question 13

The Ramona case discussed in the text demonstrates that

A)child abusers can be brought to justice based on recovered memories.
B)repression occurs often.
C)repression never occurs.
D)therapists can be held accountable for inducing false memories.

Question 14

You are assigned to learn the following list of words: bagel, bread, pie, cake, and turnover. I then ask you to tell me what words on a second list you remember from the first list. You add the word "donut" to the list. This is an example of the

A)spreading activation model of memory.
B)unconscious collusion hypotheses.
C)confirmatory bias hypothesis.
D)imagination inflation effect.

Question 15

A study on false memories by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated that

A)false memories can occur only in brain damaged individuals.
B)individuals remembered only salient cues when under the influence of sodium amytal.
C)asking leading questions could implant false memories in individuals.
D)individuals find it impossible to bring forth false memories when hypnotized.

Question 16

One of the main factors influencing people to report false memories is

A)new types of memory enhancing drugs.
B)recent findings in hypnosis research.
C)advances in psychoanalytic therapy.
D)the many books on the topic in the popular press.

Question 17

According to the text, Holly Ramona was

A)the victim of childhood sexual abuse.
B)probably induced to have false memories.
C)a famous psychoanalyst.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

Which of the following statements would a modern psychoanalyst most likely agree with?

A)The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning.
B)Most behaviour is the result of unconscious conflict.
C)Childhood sexuality is more important than childhood relationships.
D)Childhood is unimportant in development.

Question 19

refers to a model of memory that suggests that information is stored with associations to other related elements in memory.

A)Internalized objects
B)Confirmatory bias
C)Spreading activation
D)Cognitive unconscious

Question 20

The neo-analytic view places ________ emphasis on relating to others and ________ emphasis on sexual urges than Freud did.

A)more; less
B)less; less
C)more; more
D)less; more

Question 21

Joan constantly listens to music by her favourite musical group, Gotta Be Good. This group is known for its positive, upbeat, message of love and altruism. From the cognitive unconscious perspective, Joan will mostly

A)be a better person for listening to that music.
B)start attending religious services more often.
C)remain the same as if she never heard of the group.
D)tap into her primitive religious archetype.

Question 22

Erikson is credited with starting

A)id psychology.
B)ego psychology.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)superego psychology.

Question 23

Erikson believed that each stage of development was marked by a conflict.

A)psychosexual
B)thanatic
C)libidinal
D)psychosocial

Question 24

Three-year-old Christian follows his father around with his toy tools while his father is making some home repairs and mimics his father's tool use. Christian is accomplishing tasks associated with Erikson's stage of development.

A)identity versus role confusion
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)initiative versus guilt
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 25

According to Erikson, each stage of development

A)could result in fixation and arrested development.
B)could only be resolved adaptively.
C)does not involve a crisis.
D)was more sexual than social.

Question 26

Research participants who are subliminally primed with the word "candy" would probably

A)be quicker to recognize the word candy a few minutes later.
B)be slower to recognize the word candy a few minutes later.
C)recognize that they were being manipulated, but still desire candy.
D)have an unexplainable urge to eat candy.

Question 27

The view holds that the unconscious mind causes behaviours.

A)confirmatory bias
B)cognitive unconscious
C)priming
D)motivated unconscious

Question 28

A poor outcome of the stage can lead to lack of ambition and failure to pursue goals.

A)initiative versus guilt
B)trust versus mistrust
C)identity versus role confusion
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 29

According to Erikson, overprotective parents can contribute to a child's sense of

A)guilt.
B)doubt.
C)stagnation.
D)mistrust.

Question 30

Research on subliminal perception suggests that

A)information can enter memory unconsciously.
B)it can usually influence people's motivations.
C)subliminal perception is impossible.
D)it can lead to important changes in personality.

Question 31

People who feel uncertain about who they are and what they value are probably undergoing

A)attachment problems.
B)false memories.
C)an identity crisis.
D)hypnosis.

Question 32

According to Erikson, the first developmental stage is

A)generativity versus stagnation.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)initiative versus guilt.
D)the oral stage.

Question 33

Freud and Erikson mostly disagreed that

A)people can get fixated.
B)people go through stages.
C)each stage involves a developmental crisis.
D)personality development continues throughout life.

Question 34

If infants do not receive the love and care they need, Erikson would predict that they will

A)be suspicious and mistrust others throughout their lives.
B)develop a strong inferiority complex in adulthood.
C)develop a deep sense of shame and guilt about themselves.
D)become violent and aggressive in later life.

Question 35

The view holds that information in our unconscious mind operates mostly the same as information in our conscious mind.

A)social power
B)cognitive unconscious
C)id psychology
D)Freudian

Question 36

is a procedure that makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness.

A)Attachment
B)Fixation
C)Constructive memory
D)Priming

Question 37

Which of the following best represents Freud's ideas?

A)Ego psychology
B)Object relations psychology
C)Id psychology
D)The cognitive unconscious

Question 38

Many psychoanalysts think that Freud placed too much emphasis on the now focus more on the _.
And

A)id; ego
B)id; superego
C)superego; id
D)ego; superego

Question 39

A good outcome of the stage is that a child feels a sense of mastery and control.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)identity versus role confusion
C)trust versus mistrust
D)initiative versus guilt

Question 40

Joey listens to the song "kill, beat, slaughter, and hurt" by his favourite group, In Pain. Research on subliminal research indicates that Joey will

A)emulate the actions of the musicians more than the lyrics of the song.
B)not become more violent by listening to this song.
C)be primed to be more violent when listening to this song.
D)become increasing violent by listening to this song.

Question 41

During the stage people are concerned with whether or not they have created something they really care about in life.

A)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
B)integrity versus despair
C)intimacy versus isolation
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 42

Divorce is a poor resolution at the stage.

A)generativity versus stagnation
B)intimacy versus isolation
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)integrity versus despair

Question 43

Justin is trying to find his place in the world. He tries a variety of sports, part-time jobs, and is starting to explore what his college major might be next year. He is in Erikson's ________ stage of development.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)identity versus role confusion
C)integrity versus despair
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 44

A person deals with the question "Who am I?" in the stage.

A)initiative versus guilt
B)trust versus mistrust
C)identity versus role confusion
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 45

Erikson's fifth stage is identity versus

A)isolation.
B)role confusion.
C)inferiority.
D)stagnation.

Question 46

In adulthood, people are usually in the generativity versus

A)guilt
B)role confusion
C)mistrust
D)stagnation

Question 47

Grandpa Charlie sits with his grandchildren recounting his life. He tells them that if he had to live it all over again he would not change a thing. Grandpa Charlie has successfully negotiated the stage of development.

A)generativity versus stagnation
B)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
C)integrity versus despair
D)intimacy versus isolation

Question 48

Sheri is taking off a year after college to travel throughout Europe. Erikson would believe she is experiencing ______ in the development of her identity.

A)fixation
B)a delay
C)an identity confusion
D)a moratorium

Question 49

Suedfeld examined biographical reports of Holocaust survivors in order to examine

A)the object relations theory.
B)the narcissistic paradox.
C)Horney's concepts of feminism and masculinity.
D)Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development.

Question 50

A child successfully completing Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority would

A)compare their success and failure to that of children their own age.
B)begin to prepare for coming-of-age rituals.
C)play games that imitate and practice adult tasks.
D)start to develop a sense of their role in life.

Question 51

Joshua has chosen to return to his hometown after graduating from college and join the family business. He is a very talented musician and his friends are encouraging him to join a band. Joshua shrugs off their suggestions and says going home is the right thing to do. From Erik Erikson's perspective, Joshua most likely is experiencing

A)an inferiority complex.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)a conventionality press.
D)identity certainty.

Question 52

Dr. Winters is considered one of the most prominent obstetricians in town. She has just delivered her one thousandth baby. Dr. Winters feels that this delivery is just as emotionally satisfying as the first. She is successfully progressing through the stage of development in Erikson's model of development.

A)generativity versus stagnation
B)integrity versus despair
C)identity versus role confusion
D)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt

Question 53

A professor enters the lecture hall with notes that look like they were written by candlelight. He is not very interested in what he is doing. From Erikson's perspective,
This professor is not progressing very well through the

A)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
B)identity versus role confusion
C)integrity versus despair
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 54

A person who would choose to live their life over again in exactly the same way has resolved the stage in a positive way.

A)initiative versus guilt
B)identity versus role confusion
C)integrity versus despair
D)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt

Question 55

Erikson's last developmental stage is

A)generativity versus stagnation.
B)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt.
C)integrity versus despair.
D)intimacy versus isolation.

Question 56

In the majority of Erikson's stages, Suedfeld's research on the Holocaust revealed that

A)survivors showed more favourable than unfavourable outcomes.
B)survivors seemed to report no impact on psychosocial development.
C)survivors showed more unfavourable than favourable outcomes.
D)survivors showed favourable and unfavourable outcomes equally.

Question 57

Erikson used the word "industry" to describe

A)the feeling of failure.
B)his first developmental stage.
C)a sense of low self-esteem.
D)the feeling that one can achieve what he or she wants.

Question 58

Connecting with others, both as friends and romantically, is the focus of the _ stage.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)generativity versus stagnation
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)integrity versus despair

Question 59

Nearly of Canadians between the ages of 25 and 29 report never being married.

A)75%
B)90%
C)50%
D)60%

Question 60

Rites of passage usually occur during Erikson's stage of

A)integrity versus despair.
B)identity versus role confusion.
C)intimacy versus isolation.
D)generativity versus stagnation.

Question 61

Horney believed that girls

A)wanted a penis unconsciously.
B)wanted the social power boys possessed.
C)had an unconscious desire to become boys.
D)unconsciously believed that boys are inferior.

Question 62

Will received an "A" on his personality test and a "D" on his history test. He blames the "D" on the difficulty of his history textbook and the "A" on his mastery of personality psychology. Will is engaging in ______ bias.

A)confirmatory
B)narcissist
C)selective memory
D)self-serving

Question 63

Horney argued that girls may avoid achievement because they have

A)an unconscious fear of success.
B)high levels of narcissism.
C)low social power.
D)poor attachments.

Question 64

According to Horney, is a term that describes a set of shared standards for many behaviours.

A)gender
B)cognitive unconscious
C)culture
D)social power

Question 65

A person with an inflated sense of self-admiration who constantly attempts to draw attention to his or her self can be described as

A)narcissistic.
B)fixated in the trust versus mistrust stage.
C)ambivalently attached.
D)securely attached.

Question 66

Karen Horney made her feminist critiques of psychoanalysis from

A)1930 to 1950.
B)1950 to 1970.
C)1970 to 1990.
D)1910 to 1930.

Question 67

Inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to oneself are signs of an individual's

A)narcissism.
B)grandiosity.
C)dominance.
D)self-esteem.

Question 68

As an early feminist, Horney believed that

A)men and women behave similarly across cultures.
B)culture affects both genders in a similar manner.
C)culture affects men and women differently.
D)Freud's views about women were fundamentally correct.

Question 69

refer to differences in culturally ascribed roles and traits that we view as "masculine" and "feminine."

A)Gender differences
B)Collectivism
C)Sex differences
D)Confirmatory biases

Question 70

The terms "feminine" and "masculine" refer to

A)personality disorders.
B)sex.
C)traits or roles assigned to women and men in a particular culture.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 71

The observation of high industry (versus inferiority)among Holocaust survivors is likely due to

A)the strong family ties within Jewish families.
B)the desire among survivors to create a more positive experience for their own children.
C)the feelings of pride associated with survivorship.
D)the active roles that these individuals took in their own survival.

Question 72

The absence of feelings of shame and doubt among Holocaust survivors may have been due to

A)the absence role confusion early in life.
B)the absence of despair in old age.
C)the presence of autonomy early on.
D)the presence of identity early on.

Question 73

Karen Horney believed that

A)separate psychological theories were needed for men and women.
B)social influence was a more important factor than biological processes.
C)biological processes were the primary determinants of behaviour.
D)culture imposed similar standards on both men and women.

Question 74

Jenny decides to stay at home and go to the local community college rather than going away to a prestigious university. Karen Horney would say that she

A)has very strong a fear of success.
B)is fixated at a stage of development.
C)needs to be a stronger feminist.
D)is off time due to chronic shyness.

Question 75

Horney taught that the penis was

A)important in understanding the development in boys.
B)a symbol of social power.
C)not important in understanding the development in girls.
D)even more important than Freud believed.

Question 76

The observation of a strong identity (versus role confusion)among Holocaust survivors is likely due to

A)the active roles that these individuals took in their own survival.
B)the presence of autonomy early on.
C)strong family ties and feelings of pride associated with survivorship.
D)the desire among survivors to create a more positive experience for their own children.

Question 77

The distinction between "sex" and "gender" can be traced back to

A)Horney.
B)Erikson.
C)Freud.
D)Bowlby.

Question 78

Alexia studies the fashion magazines and copies the looks of the supermodels. She gets lots of attention for her fashion sense and all the girls praise her as a fashion leader. However, when Gwen criticizes her for wearing last year's shoes, Alexia runs to the bathroom and cries. This best demonstrates

A)the confirmatory bias.
B)the narcissistic paradox.
C)fragile self-esteem.
D)over-inflated ego.

Question 79

According to Horney, most differences between boys and girls can be attributed to

A)hormones.
B)differences in resolving the phallic stage.
C)genes.
D)cultural influences.

Question 80

In Suedfeld's analyses of Holocaust survivors' biographical information, survivors showed the most unfavourable outcomes on which of Erikson's stages?

A)Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
B)Generativity Versus Stagnation
C)Integrity Versus Despair
D)Trust Versus Mistrust