Deck 5: Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Deliquency: Social Learning and Social Control Theories

Question 1

Two local high school students were caught painting graffiti on an abandoned building on the edge of town.When questioned about their activities,they said,"Nobody even lives there,so what's the harm?" Their response would be an example of which of the following techniques of neutralization?

A)denial of responsibility
B)denial of harm
C)appeal to higher loyalties
D)condemning the condemner

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the perspective of Glasser's differential identification,the fantasized heroics and aggression of Rambo or the Terminator __________.

A)have no effect on juveniles
B)have no effect on females
C)are ignored by most youth
D)can become viable role models for some youngsters

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The Social Learning Theory __________.

A)has only been accepted by one sociologist
B)lacks much support
C)cannot be applied to juveniles
D)is not without its weaknesses

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Sykes and Matza called their construction of the delinquency process __________.

A)techniques of neutralization
B)containment theory
C)Inner Containment
D)Outer Containment

Question 5

Who supplemented Sutherland and Cressey's Theory of Differential Association by adding the concept of Differential Identification?

A)Daniel Glaser
B)Norman Dunn
C)Thomas Ward
D)Martin Morris

Question 6

The social learning approach to explaining delinquency has __________.

A)few supporters
B)been rejected by most sociologists
C)enjoyed considerable support from many sociologists
D)no importance in a pluralistic society

Question 7

The social learning theories assume that __________ human behavior is learned.

A)some
B)virtually all
C)the majority of
D)very little

Question 8

Matza presented a picture of the delinquent as __________.

A)locked into a particular situation
B)unchanging
C)an immoral person
D)occasionally free to "drift"

Question 9

The Social Learning Theories as propounded by Sutherland,Glaser,and Akers have __________.

A)been rejected by most sociologists
B)no bearing on contemporary society
C)had wide application to juvenile delinquency
D)a minimum application to juvenile delinquency

Question 10

Burgess and Akers said that people are motivated to behave in certain ways if __________.

A)they have a strong religious background
B)they come from a wealthy background
C)they have been rewarded for doing so
D)come from a hard-working background

Question 11

Research conducted by Richard Johnson,et.al.confirmed the supposition that the best predictor of the extent of a youth's involvement in delinquent behavior is __________.

A)religious adherence
B)level of educational attainment
C)the amount of parental interest and concern
D)the number of his or her delinquent associates

Question 12

The Theory of Differential Association __________.

A)has no advocates
B)applies solely to economic matters
C)has been used to explain juvenile delinquency
D)has never been applied to juvenile delinquency

Question 13

When applying Reckless' Containment theory to delinquency,the term "pull factors" might encompass such variables as __________.

A)membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture
B)mental conflict and anxiety
C)alienation and frustration
D)pride and self-worth

Question 14

Which of the following refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the attitudes,values,and behaviors appropriate to persons functioning as social beings?

A)politicization
B)crystallization
C)socialization
D)characterization

Question 15

How many elements of the social bond tie individuals to conventional society according to Hirschi?

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 16

Which of the following stated that most criminal behavior is learned through contact with criminal elements?

A)Sutherland and Cressey
B)Smith and Johnson
C)Short and Tennyson
D)Stonequist

Question 17

Inner containment __________.

A)cannot be applied to juveniles
B)applies only to juveniles
C)represents the ability of a person to resist temptations
D)does not vary among individuals

Question 18

Differential associations may vary __________.

A)only in frequency
B)only in duration
C)only in priority
D)in frequency,duration,priority,and intensity

Question 19

According to the reasoning of Sutherland and Cressey,if the definitions favorable to law violation outweigh the definitions unfavorable to law violation,the balance scale is tipped and the youth __________.

A)loses interest in society
B)can never become a law-abiding citizen
C)slips into juvenile delinquency
D)will become a ward of the state

Question 20

Who is the author of Causes of Delinquency?

A)David Brownfield
B)Robert Cloward
C)Paul Goodman
D)Travis Hirschi

Question 21

The social learning approach to explaining delinquency has enjoyed little support from many sociologists.

Question 22

The one theory that explains the largest amount of criminal and delinquent behavior is the containment theory of __________.

A)Fastest
B)Quickest
C)Reckless
D)Malignant

Question 23

The social learning theories as propounded by Sutherland,Glaser,and Akers have had wide application to juvenile delinquency.

Question 24

Akers incorporated psychologist Carl Jung's "synchronicity" into his theory.

Question 25

Cohen and Short __________.

A)were not interested in delinquency
B)rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings
C)accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings
D)supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

Question 26

What did Hirschi say about delinquents?

A)They have strong social bonds
B)They have a great deal of remorse
C)They have absolutely no social bonds
D)They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

Question 27

The Theory of Differential Association was developed by Seymour Hersh.

Question 28

Socialization is learning to participate in group life through the acquisition of culture.

Question 29

The issue of religiosity and juvenile delinquency __________.

A)has never been studied
B)is one of universal agreement
C)is no longer a topic of discussion
D)has had a long debate

Question 30

Differential associations may vary in frequency,duration,priority,and intensity.

Question 31

Sutherland and Cressey argued that delinquency is essentially inborn.

Question 32

The social learning approach to explaining crime and delinquency is dominated by the assumption that very little human behavior is socially learned.

Question 33

One of the most important conclusions emerging from Hirschi's study was that social bond theory __________.

A)was accepted by all sociologists
B)does not cut across social classes
C)cuts across social classes
D)was rejected by sociologists

Question 34

Each year,nearly half of all vehicle thefts in the United States are committed by persons over the age of 25.

Question 35

Family is an important agent of socialization.